Thesis Statement

College of Phoenix Material Thesis Statement and Informal Outline Worksheet In this course, you will compose a 1,050-to 1,750-word Personal Responsibility Essay, due in Week Five, which incorporates the accompanying: †¢ Define what moral duty intends to you. †¢ Explain the connection between moral obligation and school achievement. †¢ Include a fundamental intend to rehearse moral obligation in your education.This week, utilizing the Center for Writing Excellence assets, give the proposal articulation and casual blueprint for your Personal Responsibility Essay task, due in Week Five. Proposal Statement: Even however when I don't assume individual liability I am bound to accuse others, moral duty intends to recognize obligation regarding my decisions and being responsible for my own activities in light of the fact that the moves you make throughout everyday life, influence your school achievement and by defining objectives first and foremost you can remain center all th rough your school education.Informal Outline: †¢ Personal Responsibility intends to me to recognize duty regarding my decisions and being responsible for my own activities. Is imperative to recognize moral obligation to be fruitful throughout everyday life. †¢ The moves you make in life influence your school achievement.  §Ã¢ Procrastination can turn into a propensity  §Ã‚ Learning to organize †¢ Setting objectives to start with can assist you with staying center all through you school instruction.  §Ã¢ Goals keep you inspired  §Ã¢ You stay center in the compensation of accomplishing your objective  â I intend to rehearse moral duty in my scholastic profession by being progressively dependable.  §Ã¢ Practice time the board.  §Ã¢ Identifying my instructive objectives. oâ â Conclusion  §Ã¢ Personal Responsibility intends to me to recognize obligation regarding my decisions and being responsible for my own activities for two fundamental reasons . To start with, defining objectives at the outset can assist you with staying center all through you school instruction. Be that as it may, above all, the moves you make in life influence your school achievement. Postulation Statement My postulation depends on the epic Buddha sculptures at Bamiyan, Afghanistan, which were devastated by Taliban in March 2001. The Buddha sculptures at Bamiyan were of recorded centrality and were viewed as both as national and worldwide legacy. I will give inside and out data on those sculptures and their authentic and social significance. There will be a presentation part in the theory. I will at that point examine bit by bit how these sculptures picked up unmistakable quality on the worldwide field and the occasions prompting their destruction.The beginning, history and other related occasions encompassing the Buddha sculptures at Bamiyan will be talked about in this paper. The principle center will be to discover why these sculptures were so notable and the characteristics they needed to increase such hugeness. At long last, I will give a very much watched end on the importance of these sculptures to the world network. Presentation Preservation of noteworthy landmarks with social criticalness isn't just the obligation of the state, yet additionally it is the duty of the world community.However, the pulverization of the Buddhas of Bamiyan unmistakably demonstrated that the authentic landmarks are helpless against such assaults and are in genuine peril. The goliath Buddhas of Bamiyan were considered as miracle landmarks by individuals over the globe. They were cut into a mountainside at Bamiyan in the core of the Hindu Kush Mountains. The Buddhas were among Asia's extraordinary archeological fortunes. A Brief Background â€Å"During the medieval period, current Afghanistan was a reproducing place for Buddhist culture and craftsmanship. It was deliberately positioned from the Silk course that saw thrived exchange between the Roman Empire, China and India.Bamiyan was a social place both in antiquated and medieval period† (Rowland, 1960: 56). It made the district vital to Buddhist history. Buddhism came into Afghanistan in the third century BC during the r ule of Mauryan ruler Ashoka. The religion thrived further under the support of Kushans. â€Å"According to Huan-Tsang, the Chinese voyager, Bamiyan was a thriving Buddhist community with a huge number of priests living in the caverns worked around the Buddha statues† (Rowland, 1960: 61). The leaders of Kushan administration extended their realm from China to India and Afghanistan.They were liable for carrying Buddhism to the dirt of Afghanistan. They cut these delightful marvels of the old world. Gigantic Buddhas The Buddhas of Bamiyan were situated in the Bamiyan valley of focal Afghanistan. They were accepted to be worked in the fourth or fifth hundreds of years. They spoke to the exemplary style of Greco-Buddhist craftsmanship. There were two goliath sculptures. â€Å"The bigger one remained at 53 meters (125 feet). It was considered as one of the most great portrayals of the Buddha on the planet. The other sculpture remained at 38 meters. Both the sculptures were painted in gold and were enhanced with sparkling ornaments.The whole structure of Buddhas of Bamiyan was a blend of Greek, Persian and Central and South Asian art† (Rowland, 1960: 81). The design of the two thousand sculptures was extraordinary, as it contrasted from the sculptural conventions. The bluffs that housed the two principle Buddha sculptures were 1300 meters in length and 150 meters high. The taller sculpture was situated at the most distant west of the bluff and the other one was situated at the far east. History specialists are as yet dumbfounded on why such epic sculptures were fabricated. â€Å"Some accept that they were worked by the Kushan rulers to stand out and to pick up incomparability over different nations in the world.It was likewise contended by certain students of history that the principle reason could be to engender Buddhism in different pieces of the world by pulling in individuals to observe the excellence of these goliath statues† (Flood, 2002: 5 6). Depiction about the Statues â€Å"The littler Buddha was shielded in a strong point. It was cut out of the mass of the stone on three sides and remained with the correct hand in the motion of insurance and the left in the motion of charity† (Rowland, 1960: 83). The sculpture was worked so that explorers considered the signals appeared by the sculpture as a confirmation of assurance from the perils of travel.â€Å"Both the sculptures were made with mud-mortar over a covering of lime mortar. They used to give a feeling of naturalism and authenticity. The traits found in the sculptures had a place with the style of antiquated Gandhara workmanship. The heads and the assortments of the sculptures were cut out of the sandstone precipices. Because of absence of legitimate consideration and support, the segments of the essences of the sculptures were pulverized. The hands of the sculptures were disfigured by some strict narrow minded people who attacked Afghanistan a few timesâ €  (Rowland, 1960: 84).â€Å"According to Huan-Tsang, the taller Buddha was loved with brilliant gold color and valuable decorations. Albeit both the sculptures had same style, the bigger one was a lot more youthful than the littler one. There were a few openings with all around improved dividers and roofs inside the places of worship of the statues† (Rowland, 1960: 61). Outer Influence The compositions were executed in a novel way. â€Å"The dividers and roofs were secured with mud blended in with straw and lime mortar. In the strength of the littler Buddha, the roof had the picture of the Sun-God on a chariot with the Buddha situated underneath him.The incorporation of the picture of the Sun-God was demonstrated that Bamiyan was a diverse district that was situated on a street that was prompting distinctive directions† (Rowland, 1960: 84). The artistic creation at Bamiyan spoke to three unique styles of craftsmanship: Greco-Roman, Indian and Central Asian. â€Å" The depiction of gods unmistakably showed the utilization of these styles of workmanship. The roof of the strong point that conveyed the bigger Buddha conveyed harmed human and heavenly figures. Indian impact could be handily recognized in the heavenly figures occupied with strict conversation† (Rowland, 1960: 84).The intermingling of individuals from various areas was the fundamental purpose for the rise of Bamiyan as an inside for craftsmanship and culture. The stone cut artworks around the sculptures at Bamiyan display repeating topics of the Buddha and scenes of his life. â€Å"A Bodhisattva picture showed up in the northern piece of the strong point that conveyed the bigger Buddha. The Boddhisattva sat with crossed lower legs on his seat that was embellished with gems and weaved clothing† (Rowland, 1960: 85). Numerous artistic creations around the Buddha sculptures were vandalized by fundamentalist powers, as they thought about Buddhism as an outsider religion.Desp ite the harm made to the spot, the excellence of the craftsmanship kept on drawing in guests and researchers to Bamiyan. A portion of the lovely models found around the sculptures were vaults, laurels, lotuses, trees and performers. Protection of the Statues The Afghanistan government knew about the essentialness of these sculptures to its way of life and legacy. Subsequently, it took a few measures to secure these landmarks. â€Å"Between 1969 and 1978, the Archeological Survey of India (ASI) worked intimately with the Afghanistan government to moderate the site of Bamiyan.Efforts were made towards saving and fixing the little Buddha and its strong point and sanctuaries. A cylindrical platform was developed to help the sculpture's structure. A missing bit of the vault top of a holy place was reestablished. Synthetic treatment was applied to protect the artworks around the statues† (Buckley and Rick, 2003: 61). Decimation of the Statues Although the Buddhas of Bamiyan were sa ved during the victory of Mahmud of Ghazni in the twelfth century, trespassers like Aurangzeb, Genghis Khan and Nadir Shah utilized substantial gunnery and gun shoot to pulverize the statues.However, they couldn't prevail with regards to perpetrating overwhelming harm on the sculptures. â€Å"Between 1999 and 2001, there have been a lot of discussion and conversations on the

History of Food in Mexico Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History of Food in Mexico - Research Paper Example They are additionally the ones who acquainted chocolates with the Spanish. Provincially, north of Mexico is known for arrachera cut, carne asada dishes. The south piece of the nation is known for conchinita pibil. By and large, different vegetables and chicken based dishes (Mexico Adventure, 1999). Spain development in 1521 realized combination of Spanish nourishments, for example, pigs, garlic, dairy items and flavors with the Mexican conventional cooking. This was later trailed by digestion of a few different foods like Portuguese, South Americans and French. Likewise, different locales in the nation experience diverse climatic conditions and are of various ethnicities. These are among the reasons why today Mexican nourishments change with locales and are an assortment (World-food-and-wine. n.d.). In spite of the food assortment and impact of Mexican dishes there has been the strength of conventional flavors like oregano, cumin and chill powder. The goal of dinners being relaxed mutual and appreciated has still stayed unblemished. Moreover, there are nourishments for the most part taken during different strict and occasion

An Analysis Of Performance Management Strategies Business Essay

An Analysis Of Performance Management Strategies Business Essay Execution the board (PM) incorporates exercises to guarantee that objectives are reliably being met in a viable and proficient way. Execution the executives can concentrate on the exhibition of an association, an office, worker, or even the procedures to construct an item or administration, just as numerous different territories. In the two definitions obviously execution the board is procedure of ceaselessly estimating execution of every person in association to accomplish set objectives. To watch that association is acting in right manner, we use execution the executives methodology or framework to quantify execution of explicit division or workers or to gauge execution of entire association. Execution the executives discusses significant and more extensive issues of association. It offers methodology to associations to accomplish their objectives. Execution the executives interfaces all individuals, groups and people related with business. Execution the executives ought to include: Execution the board all through the association for individual, group and expanded efficiency of association. Advancement is additionally significant for improved execution. Except if there is no advancement plan for representatives in association there will be no exhibition improvement. Associations ought to guarantee that workers are urged and roused to satisfy their duty. How It Works? As execution the executives is key piece of association to make association work successfully. So this procedure ought to be organized appropriately. There ought to be a presentation the board structure to work it viably and proficiently in association. Instruments of Performance Management Execution Reviews To gauge execution the executives there ought to be ordinary surveys of people execution. There ought to be execution survey gatherings to assess execution the board. The gatherings ought to be appropriately overseen and wanted to quantify. Learning and Development Generally well known and effective associations offer significance to representative improvement for expanded execution of association. With the assistance of execution surveys workers can be urged to search for inadequacies in them. Furthermore, it ought to be obligation of association to give learning and improvement plans. Associations which have high accentuation on people learning have accentuation on execution improvement in a roundabout way. Estimations Associations which need to gauge execution the board successfully, there workers or people should realize that on what rules or through which methodology their presentation will be estimated. Associations should quantify execution on reasonably and legitimate premise. Pay In numerous associations execution the executives is connected with execution related compensation. Execution related compensation is significant device in numerous associations to persuade workers through execution related compensation. Execution MANAGEMENT STRATEGY OF DERBY CITY COUNCIL I have taken the presentation the executives procedure of DERBY CITY COUNCIL as guide to assess their system. I will assess their presentation technique of 2007-2010. Objective The fundamental goal of execution the executives technique of DERBY CITY COUNCIL is to oversee execution across gathering and the means they will use to accomplish their objectives. They have depicted everything in their methodology that what they will accomplish and how they will accomplish. Significance of Performance Management As from definitions obviously execution the board methodology is utilized to make association progressively compelling and to connect each representative being developed of association. So DERBY CITY COUNCIL has taken the significance of execution the board intensely too. Execution the executives procedure make gathering to search for ebb and flow status of their work, screen for issues and issues emerging, how to understand them and plans to actualize their methodology. Execution the board system is essential to DERBY CITY COUNCIL for number of reasons. Improving Services Gathering is consistently here to improve administrations for individuals. So that is the reason execution the board methodology is essential to chamber as they need to persistently improve administrations for individuals. They are centered around accomplishing right objectives as per needs and desires for neighborhood individuals and network. Furthermore, their methodology causes them to peer out their advancement in accomplishing those objectives and to search for any issues happening in their ebb and flow plans or not. Also, as indicated by committee their methodology is primary key to improve their administrations persistently for individuals. Propelling staff For DERBY CITY COUNCIL their exhibition the board methodology isn't just to accomplish objectives like to improve administrations of individuals. For chamber successful administration methodology is what rouse their staff to comprehend them what is their job in this system, the amount they are engaged with accomplishing objectives set by board for neighborhood individuals and whether their staff is getting fit into structure set by committee to accomplish their objectives. That is the reason committee has depicted in their workforce Development Plan the plan called Achievement and Development to remain associated with staff and elevate their learning and to persuade them to satisfy their individual obligations to accomplish authoritative objectives. Meeting Government Expectations Execution the executives system is imperative to gathering since they need to meet government desires. As execution appraisal which is yearly evaluation by neighborhood specialists to gauge execution or accomplishments of chamber in a year ago. So to meet government desires execution the board methodology is essential to them. Exhibiting Value for Money Board charge is consistently worry for neighborhood occupants, and they need to see that while committee is doing or improving administrations for them or not. So this system is critical to them to make an understood vision in neighborhood network about their estimation of cash and gathering is consistently working for enhancements. Reason for Strategy For DERBY CITY COUNCIL, reason for their exhibition the board procedure is to Set up solid arranging and execution system to persistently improve administrations. To execute execution the board framework to quantify exhibitions of people and of association. To accomplish their set objectives and targets. To be named four star committee by meeting government desires by persistently improving administrations for individuals. For DERBY CITY COUNCIL compelling execution methodology requires great system as well as authoritative culture which bolsters this technique by urging staff to improve their administrations. Execution Framework of DERBY CITY COUNCIL Their presentation structure incorporates network procedure, corporate arrangement, field-tested strategies, group plans and individual plans. In system gathering utilized network methodology to set the drawn out dreams and focuses for nearby network. Its a drawn out procedure to improve administrations which can be sustainable. The Council corporate arrangement is to help network procedure how they will concentrate on constant upgrades and key moves to be made for enhancements. Field-tested strategies in execution structure are there to portray how each segment of chamber work for upgrades. Group plans will show representatives to build up their understanding that how they will separately or in groups contribute for enhancements. For committee execution structure must be clear, precise and convenient arranged. What Council is Aiming to Achieve? Through their methodology committee need to make a situation where each individual knows his/her commitment towards improving administrations and feel propelled and urged to deal with their own exhibition adequately. Chamber Main Principles Chamber target depends on five standards which lead towards progress. Adjusted estimations For each procedure three components are consistently significant like information sources, yields and results. As indicated by chamber as results are consistently significant for end clients however they need adjusted arrangement of all estimates implies data sources, yields and results in their methodology to improve administrations. Solid Decision Making For gathering solid dynamic is imperative to them. As it is their one of fundamental rule that choices producer ought to be certain enough in data which he/she is utilizing for dynamic. They should utilize information of good quality to decide. The information or data which is utilized for dynamic ought to be exact, solid and important. Clear The presentation data must be clear and ought to be open to all clients. Objective Oriented Data ought to be objective arranged, concentrating on key objectives and focuses to be accomplished. Singular job Each individual must know his/her job in overseeing execution and key activities towards enhancements. How Council will accomplish his Vision? In this segment chamber will convey his system to accomplish their objective. For gathering there are a few segments which ought to be satisfied to make their procedure effective. Job of Leader in Culture of Performance Management An exhibition the board culture is atmosphere or condition in which association is working. Through execution the board culture each worker and individual knows the qualities and vision of association and their own jobs to accomplish those objectives for association. It urges and spurs people to act in their job appropriately and play out their obligations. As it is significant for everybody to oversee execution culture, however it ought to be lead by viable pioneer who has solid initiative abilities. Like in execution system of DERBY CITY COUNCIL there should be successful pioneer to lead corporate or field-tested strategies. Solid and sure pioneers comprehend what sort of execution is required and have capacity to obviously convey each individual job towards progress. They clarify to everybody that these zones are to be engaged or improve and wh

Rethinking Leadership in the Learning Organization Essay -- essays pap

Reconsidering Leadership in the Learning Organization A declaration by a CEO that â€Å"we will turn into a learning organization† will probably be met with aggregate eye rolling and wonderings of, â€Å"What workshop did he go to last week?† Indeed, numerous representatives are so familiar with these administration â€Å"initiatives-of-the-month† that seeing any outcomes from such an administrative pronouncement is amazingly improbable. One more of the fundamental obstructions to making a learning association, Senge says, is the contrast among consistence and responsibility. The workers are opposed to acknowledge change that begins at the highest point of the administrative pecking order. A worth is a worth in particular if willfully picked. We can't compel others to learn. Since it is actually the people that contain a learning association, there is not a viable alternative for an individual want to learn. Choices made by administrators can likewise have the impact of incomprehensibly moving an association in reverse. Cutting back can prompt expanded seriousness, which is a prevention to efficiency. Seriousness can likewise sabotage community oriented endeavors and accordingly influence a company’s financial thriving. Senge characterizes three administration types that he says are basic to building a learning association: 1. Local line pioneers. These are pioneers who embrace significant examinations to test whether new learning capacities really lead to improved business results. 2. Executive pioneers. They offer help for line leaders,...

Franklin Roosevelt Against the Great Depression and World War II Research Paper

Franklin Roosevelt Against the Great Depression and World War II Difficulties - Research Paper Example Franklin D. Roosevelt was a successful pioneer in office and a ground-breaking pioneer throughout the entire existence of America presidents. He was fearless, could associate with all individuals effectively and decided community worker who gave America a reasonable vision and utilized his political abilities to get all individuals centered towards accomplishing the vision (Franklin, 2013). His life was spent in broad daylight administration. He started his open help vocation as a New York State Senator. At that point he turned into the associate secretary of the naval force and was at one time a bad habit presidential up-and-comer. Later he filled in as the New York representative before running for the administration and filling in as the 32nd leader of the United States of America (Berlin, 1955). A strategy is made after wide discussion and assessment of its viability, focal points, and weaknesses. At that point the gathered perspectives are exposed to the conversation by administ rators lastly, the president consents to the approach making it legitimate. An approach is produced using solid realities. The president isn't exclusively liable for dynamic. There are numerous other dynamic organs associated with dynamic, for example, the Judiciary, Attorney General, and lawmaking establishments. President Franklin Roosevelt could talk for a long time on any issue with his charm to connect with individuals. He could extend his voice boisterous enough with magnetic, cozy but then ordering discourse that was colossally valued by Americans. He reestablished would like to Americans through his discourse. In March 1933, he conveyed the primary discourse that caused Americans to compose a great many thankfulness letters to him for giving them trust during the extraordinary financial downturn.

Here, Have an Organ

Here, Have an Organ There’s usually a serpentine line snaked out the door at the Department of Motor Vehiclesâ€"at least that’s always been my experience. Burnt into my memory are half-a-lifetime of Kafkaesque memories, nightmarish recollections of time spent waiting for assistance among the zombies and cobwebs at the DMV. Surprisingly, when I visited the DMV recently in Missoula, Montana, there was no line at all. It was a different world: I was helped right away. I didn’t even have to take one of those flimsy paper numbers from the dispenser by the entrance; and to boot, the Missoula DMV employees were fast, fastidious, and friendly. I sat down and filled out the necessary forms to obtain a new driver’s license. These forms seemed attenuated and easier to grasp than the bureaucratic stack I used to wrestle with back in Dayton, Ohio. It was too easy: name, address, DOB, etc., etc. And then my pen stopped as it hovered over the final question: Do you want to be an organ donor? I paused at this simple question. I’d never considered becoming an organ donorâ€"not for lack of caring, but because of sheer ignorance of the statistics. Toward the end of last year, though, my friend Amanda emailed me a similar question: How familiar are you with the organ transplant waiting list? Not at all, I responded. She informed me there’re 117,000 people in the U.S. alone who are waiting for organ transplants right now: 74,000 of them are active, which means that 74,000 people are in critical condition and unable to work, to play with their kids, to eat normally, to walk up a flight of stairs, to pick up a carton of milk at the groceryâ€"you name it. Only about 20,000 of these people will actually receive a transplant in the next year, and it’s not uncommon for a candidate to spend months in a hospital bed waiting for help. So consider this: one organ donor can save up to eighteen lives, and all he or she has to do is check a box on a driver’s license application. For the first time in my life, I checked the “yes” box on the form, and thus I’m now an organ donor. Perhaps you’ll consider becoming one, too. Ryan and I often write about the value of uncovering happiness in life. A large part of that happiness involves contribution. Giving is living, but I’m also comforted to know even when I die, I will still be able to contribute to others. After I take my last breath, my body will be dead, but because of my choiceâ€"my decision to check that affirmative box at the DMVâ€"someone else will live. Find more facts at the United Network for Organ Sharing.

The Effect of 911 on United States Essay - 550 Words

The Effect of 911 on United States and Its Relations with other Nations (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorTaskDateThe Effect of 911 on United States and Its Relations with other NationsThe September 11 events that occurred in U.S involved a series of four terrorist attacks that were launched by the Al-Qaeda Islamist group. In this attack, four hijacked passenger jets were used in bombing the World Trade Center in which both the North and South towers collapsed. In addition, the Pentagon House was also destroyed in the 911 attack. The attack resulted into a high impact on the U.S economy, legal Systems and its relations with other nations (Ken 368). Some of the nations whose relations with U.S were affected are Russia and China.After the events of this attack, the U.S economy was affected negatively in several dimensions. Some of the dimensions affected were economic growth, stock market, consumer confidence and foreign direct investment. There was a negative stock reaction in relation to price. This corresponded to an average loss of $401 million in each fir m on the firm capitalization. The U.S stock exchange had to take 13 days to recover from the losses it experienced. Economic growth was also affected considerably. The estimated losses were damages on private assets worth $14 billion and a damage of $1.5 billion for both the local and state businesses. In addition, the federal government experienced a loss of $0.7 billion. Besides, approximately 200, 000 jobs in New York City were destroyed (Anderson 494). These damages resulted into a drop in the economic growth, which took two years to recover. Consumer confidence level was also reduced by the attack. This level was established to be below the 5.1% level that existed prior to the 911 attack. However, this decline was accompanied by other factors such as the recession that began before the attack. The change was established to have dropped from 114.0 to 97.0 between the months of August and September in 2001. Further, both the budgetary allocations and the fiscal policies were al so affected by the attack (Anderson 496). The expenditure on the military force that was employed to pursue the terrorist in Afghanistan increased. After the attack, the expenditure rose by a double-digit percentage. Besides the military funding, there was an increase of the budgetary allocations to enhance protection on the U.S boundaries and national security.United States relations with other nations such as China and Russia were also influenced by the 911 attack. Both the United States and Russia developed strong emotional links after the attack. This is because the two nations felt that they had a common challenge to handle together. Russia had also experienced a number of terrorist attacks between 1999 and 2001. Some of these attacks included the bombings at Buinaksk, Moscow and Volgodonsk. Russia, therefore, felt that it was on the same plane with U.S and ... The Effect of 911 on United States Essay - 550 Words The Effect of 911 on United States and Its Relations with other Nations (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstructorTaskDateThe Effect of 911 on United States and Its Relations with other NationsThe September 11 events that occurred in U.S involved a series of four terrorist attacks that were launched by the Al-Qaeda Islamist group. In this attack, four hijacked passenger jets were used in bombing the World Trade Center in which both the North and South towers collapsed. In addition, the Pentagon House was also destroyed in the 911 attack. The attack resulted into a high impact on the U.S economy, legal Systems and its relations with other nations (Ken 368). Some of the nations whose relations with U.S were affected are Russia and China.After the events of this attack, the U.S economy was affected negatively in several dimensions. Some of the dimensions affected were economic growth, stock market, consumer confidence and foreign direct investment. There was a negative stock reaction in relation to price. This corresponded to an average loss of $401 million in each fir m on the firm capitalization. The U.S stock exchange had to take 13 days to recover from the losses it experienced. Economic growth was also affected considerably. The estimated losses were damages on private assets worth $14 billion and a damage of $1.5 billion for both the local and state businesses. In addition, the federal government experienced a loss of $0.7 billion. Besides, approximately 200, 000 jobs in New York City were destroyed (Anderson 494). These damages resulted into a drop in the economic growth, which took two years to recover. Consumer confidence level was also reduced by the attack. This level was established to be below the 5.1% level that existed prior to the 911 attack. However, this decline was accompanied by other factors such as the recession that began before the attack. The change was established to have dropped from 114.0 to 97.0 between the months of August and September in 2001. Further, both the budgetary allocations and the fiscal policies were al so affected by the attack (Anderson 496). The expenditure on the military force that was employed to pursue the terrorist in Afghanistan increased. After the attack, the expenditure rose by a double-digit percentage. Besides the military funding, there was an increase of the budgetary allocations to enhance protection on the U.S boundaries and national security.United States relations with other nations such as China and Russia were also influenced by the 911 attack. Both the United States and Russia developed strong emotional links after the attack. This is because the two nations felt that they had a common challenge to handle together. Russia had also experienced a number of terrorist attacks between 1999 and 2001. Some of these attacks included the bombings at Buinaksk, Moscow and Volgodonsk. Russia, therefore, felt that it was on the same plane with U.S and ...

What Is Grading on a Curve

Grading on a curve is a term that describes a variety of different methods that a teacher uses to adjust the scores her students received on a test in some way. Most of the time, grading on a curve boosts the students grades by moving their actual scores up a few notches, perhaps increasing the letter grade. Some teachers use curves to adjust the scores received in exams, whereas other teachers prefer to adjust what letter grades are assigned to the actual scores. Whats the Curve? The curve referred to in the term is the bell curve, which is used in statistics to show the normal distribution—what the expected variation is—of any set of data. Its called a bell curve because once the data is plotted on a graph, the line created usually forms the shape of a bell or hill. In a normal distribution, most of the data will be near the middle, or the mean, with very few figures on the outside of the bell, known as outliers. All things being equal, if test scores were normally distributed, 2.1% of the tested students will receive an A on the test, 13.6% will get a B, 68% get Cs, 13.6% get Ds, and 2.1% of the class gets an F.   Why Do Teachers Use a Curve? Teachers use the bell curve to analyze their tests, assuming that a bell curve will be visible if the test is a good one of the material she presented. If, for example, a teacher looks at her class scores and sees that the mean (average) grade of her midterm was approximately a C, and slightly fewer students earned Bs and Ds and even fewer students earned As and Fs, then she could conclude that the test was a good design. If, on the other hand, she plots the test scores and sees that the average grade was a 60%, and no one scored above an 80%, then she could conclude that the test may have been too difficult. At that point, she might use the curve to adjust the scoring so that there is a normal distribution, including A grades. How Do Teachers Grade on a Curve? There are several ways to grade on a curve, many of which are mathematically complex. Here are a few of the most popular ways that teachers curve grades along with each methods most basic explanations: Add Points: A teacher increases each students grade with the same number of points. When Is It Used? After the test, a teacher determines that most of the kids got questions 5 and 9 incorrect. She may decide that the questions were confusingly written or not well taught; if so, she adds the score of those questions to everyones score.Benefits: Everyone gets a better grade.Drawbacks: Students dont learn from the question unless the teacher offers a revision. Bump a Grade to 100%: A teacher moves one students score to 100% and adds the same number of points used to get that student to 100 to everyone elses score. When Is It Used? If no one in the class gets a 100%, and the closest score is an 88%, for example, a teacher could determine that the test overall was too difficult. If so, she could add 12 percentage points to that students score to make it 100% and then add 12 percentage points to everyone elses grade, too.Benefits: Everyone gets a better score.Drawbacks: The kids with the lowest grades benefit the least (a 22% plus 12 points is still a failing grade). Use the Square Root: A teacher takes the square root of the test percentage and makes it the new grade. When Is It Used? The teacher believes everyone needs a little bit of a boost but has a wide distribution of grades—there arent a lot of Cs as you would expect in the normal distribution. So, she takes the square root of everyones percentage grade and uses it as the new grade: √x adjusted grade. Real grade .90 (90%) Adjusted grade √.90 .95 (95%).Benefits: Everyone gets a better score.Drawbacks: Not everyones grade is adjusted equally. Someone who scores a 60% would get a new grade of 77%, which is a 17-point bump. The kid scoring the 90% only gets a 5-point bump. Who Threw Off the Curve? Students in a class often accuse one person of throwing off the curve. So, what does that mean and how did she do it? The theory is that a very sharp student who aces an exam that everyone else has trouble with will throw off the curve. For example, if the majority of testers earned a 70% and only one student in the whole class earned an A, a 98%, then when the teacher goes to adjust the grades, that outlier could make it harder for other students to score higher. Heres an example using the three methods of curved grading from above: If the teacher wants to add points for missed questions to everyones grade, but the highest grade is a 98%, then she cant add more than two points because it would give that kid a number above 100%. Unless the teacher is willing to give extra credit for the test, then she cant adjust the scores enough to count very much.If the teacher wants to bump a grade to 100%, everyone will again only get two points added to their grade, which isnt a significant jump.If the teacher wants to use the square root, it isnt fair to that student with the 98% because the grade would only go up one point. Whats Wrong With Grading on the Curve? Grading on a curve has long been disputed in the academic world, just as weighting scores have. The main benefit to using the curve is that it fights grade inflation: if a teacher doesnt grade on a curve, 40% of her class could get an A, which means that the A doesnt mean very much. An A grade should mean excellent if it means anything, and theoretically, 40% of any given group of students are not excellent.   However, if a teacher strictly bases the grades on the curve, then it restricts the number of students who can excel. Thus, a forced grade is a disincentive to study: students will think no point in studying too hard, Susan and Ted will get the only As available on the curve. And they create an atmosphere thats toxic. Who wants a class full of finger-pointing students blaming the one or two stars? Teacher Adam Grant suggests using the curve only to increase scores and building a collaborative atmosphere, so students help each other to get better scores. The point of a test is not the score, he argues, but to teach your students how to learn new things.   Sources and Further Information Burke, Timothy. Grading on the Curve is Always a Bad Idea. Easily Distracted, Aug. 23, 2012.Grant, Adam. Why We Should Stop Grading Students on a Curve. The New York Times, Sept .10, 2016.  Richert, Kit. Why Grading on the Curve Hurts. Teaching Community, 2018.  Volokh, Eugene. In Praise of Grading on a Curve. Washington Post, Feb. 9, 2015.

Salazar Vs. Buono Court Case - 994 Words

Salazar Vs. Buono Court Case The First Amendment guarantees U.S citizen with basic freedoms such as religion, speech, press, assembly and petition. In the 2010 Case between Salazar and Buono, The First Amendment was put on trial in the Supreme Court Justice. The Supreme Court examined whether a religious cross, meant to honor World War I Veterans, violated the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment. Frank Buono, a former preserve employee, filed the lawsuit to get rid of the religious cross in the reserve permanently, stating that it was built on federal land thus creating a sense of favoritism of one religion over another in government. The favoritism exhibited in the Salazar and Buono Court Case was towards the religion of Christianity, therefore the U.S government did violate the Establishment Clause by promoting Christianity over all other religions. Rhetorical Situation Audience The individuals that felt strongest during this Court Case were War Veterans who felt that the cross was not symbolic towards their own religion. For example, there were Jewish and Muslim Veterans during this period who were especially against the symbolic cross as their remembrance, they associated the cross as Jesus Christ, a man who in their religion was not their savior. In addition, petitioners also felt as though the cross was not a fair representation for all the Veterans that had died holding onto beliefs that were not represented by cross. Other petitioners felt that theShow MoreRelatedThe Supreme Court Vs. Salazar V. Buono Case Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesThe Supreme Court was faced with a unique paradox during the case Salazar V. Buono; in which their ruling had to coincide with the establishment clause in the first amendment, while avoiding the dissenting opinions of thousands of veterans and their families they threatened to insult with their decision. In 1934, the V FW commissioned a white cross to be constructed on an outcropping known as Sunrise Rock in the Mojave National Preserve. In 1999, the plaintiff, Frank Buono, requested for the NPS toRead MoreThe Civil Rights Of The United States891 Words   |  4 PagesAmendment guarantees U.S citizen with basic freedoms such as religion, speech, press, assembly and petition. In the 2010 case between Salazar and Buono, the First Amendment was put on trial in the Supreme Court Justice. The Supreme Court examined whether a religious cross, meant to honor World War I Veterans, violated the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment. Frank Buono, a former preserve employee, filed the lawsuit to get rid of the religious cross in the reserve permanently, stating that

Identify Brad’s Major Customers Essay - 1259 Words

identify Brad’s major customers †¢ prepare a customer service policy for Brad’s business †¢ prepare a standard for handling complaints †¢ prepare a work instruction for handling a complaint †¢ give an example of how you would change an element of the customer service system in response to the complaint about the quality of the meals †¢ outline how you would change the work culture in the kitchen †¢ outline how you would evaluate the customer service Brad’s Holiday Retreat gives in the future BSB40207 Certificate IV in Business _____________________________________________________________________________________________ HCICSS Coordinate Implementation of Customer Service Strategies Student Guide v2.0 August 2010 Page 5 †¢ design a†¦show more content†¦Brad’s Holiday Retreat is a family business that is managed by Rosemary, a qualified accountant, and her partner Brad, who is a trained real estate investor. They employ a full-time accountant, one full-time front office manager, one full time food and beverage manager, one full time chef, part-time front office staff, kitchen staff, waiters, cleaners and a contract gardener. Casual cleaners, waiters and kitchen hands are ‘on call’ to help cope when there are increased customer demands. Rosemary helps out in the office and looks after the telephones and administration when the receptionist has a break or goes to lunch. All customer service issues are handled by Rosemary and she certainly gives feedback to everyone in the business, including Brad, if there are customer service issues to be resolved. Customer base Brad’s Holiday Retreat customer base is currently 60% domestic tourist and 40% international. The domestic side of business is equally divided between travel agent booking and online/telephone bookings. The international business is almost exclusively online/telephone bookings. Although the return is better, these customers are the most demanding. About 60% of revenue comes from room costs; the remaining 40% comes from meals (10%), drinks (15%) and tour operations (15%). Customer satisfaction ‘Customer Satisfaction Guaranteed’ is on all of Brad’s advertising material and business cards, so Rosemary and Brad like to ensure thatShow MoreRelatedCustomer Service and Holiday Retreat Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyse the data and material presented to make recommendations for changing the customer service processes and culture. 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Awareness of Bradham’s new creation spread quickly, and in 1902 he decided to create the Pepsi-Cola Company so people everywhere could enjoy

The Effect Of Computers On Concentration On A Task

My group decided to investigate the influence of computers on concentration (on a task) of adolescent boys. I wanted to find out if computers actually inhibited the concentration of teenage boys, by comparing the results of tests done by a group using pen and paper, to another group’s test results, who had done the exact same test on computers. Before our group decided to use computers as the treatment, we spent several days speculating, brainstorming and researching. We eventually decided on our treatment, because of the increasing influence of technology on our lives, and its growing amalgamation with the schoolyard. When I searched the effects of computers on concentration, Google spewed out 43,600,000 results! Based off the search results, it became very clear to me that even though computers have many advantages; for example, personalised learning and the ability to improve writing skills, they also have one major flaw, they can be very distracting through games and socia l media. Based off that information I assumed that the test results from the students on the computers, would be worse than the results from the pen and paper tests. Next we started developing an experimental plan, we decided to use a Year 12 Maths class (26 pupils) on at the same time as our Statistics class, as the experimental unit. In order to randomly split the participants in half, we used counters. 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Divorce and American Culture Free Essays

Culture surrounds us everywhere we go. It reflects the people of the times and when it changes, so do the very people it reflects. A general definition would say that culture, related to society, is a set of norms that govern behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Divorce and American Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Within this set of norms the people of a society do certain rituals and behaviors to fit in with the world around them. Different trends rule the times. Whether it be anti-war protests, to civil rights movements, to legalization of same sex civil unions and even divorce-the people of the times roll with many different ideas and tendencies. The idea of marriage is an old and sacred one. In the Bible, a marriage is seen a holy sacrament between a man and woman that leads to the raising of a family. There is one man and one-woman involved- then with the addition of the holy spirit, the union is supposed to be ever lasting. â€Å"Christian marriage is a sacrament (sacred act approved by God). As a result marriage was very difficult to end, and before the nineteenth century usually ended with death,† (Chan and Haplin, 2001). In the world today, marriage is interpreted in many different ways. Very rarely is it seen as an everlasting contract that can withstand all tests. The revolutions of the 60s, 70s, up through today have severely changed the way people think of marriage. The drug culture has helped redefine the meaning of peace and love and of course, holy unions. People today do not get married out of the idea of love. If they do, it is most often between two young and naive children or young adults that believe that love can conquer all. â€Å"People expect too much from specialized love marriages, and when the love goes so might the marriage. Other cultures unite families through arranged marriages, and these social functions may make them more stable,† (Chan and Haplin, 2001). People have begun to take advantage of the system and get married because of benefits they can receive. For the military couple, extra cash is a big incentive as well as extra leave time. A lot of times the benefits outweigh the costs and people today go into marriages knowing that it will be just as easy to exit the marriage. For a marriage to end, there needs to be either a death or a cause for divorce. Grounds for divorce include; a cheating spouse, an abusive partner, and mishandling of funds. Every so often though, there is no direct cause, but instead the couples just are not compatible. The constant fighting and disagreements make it difficult to raise a family and have a stable home. As society grows and culture changes, divorce still remains. In the early parts of the 20th century, divorce was a taboo idea that meant that you ultimately failed as a wife or husband. People viewed it as the easy way out and very rarely did they agree with it. In the 1950s, divorce was only 5 per 1000 women, as opposed to the rate of 20 per every 1000 women in the early 21st century (Relationships, 2008). The times influenced peoples decisions and instead of doing what might have been best for all the parties involved, couples stayed together so that they would not be viewed as such a failure to their friends, family and children. Culture put the message out to society that a divorce is an end all be all decision that means that you have failed. Of course, logically that is not true. Occasionally things do not go according to plan and you have to change your idea of the future accordingly. The idea of being a failure comes from the society that surrounds the couple. As the times began to change, so did the overall idea of separation and divorce. The more married couples got divorced, the more casual the idea has become. When a couple divorces and they have children, the children see the process and although it might hurt them tremendously, it also makes them learn and see things. As they see the process, the idea becomes to seem â€Å"normal† to them. According to a recent journal article, â€Å"growing-up in a divorced family can instill offspring with less unfavorable attitudes towards divorce (Greenberg and Nay 1982, Amato 1988, Trent and South 1989, Axinn and Thornton 1996, Kapinus 2004 as cited by Hiller and Recoules 2011). Sometimes the children involved begin to think that this is a normal thing that happens and makes it easier to do themselves. This could explain the rising divorce rates today. On the other hand, often times when a child witnesses the struggles of divorce, they are sometimes more reluctant to get a divorce themselves (Hiller and Recoules, 2011). The inevitable hurt and suffering from witnessing countless hours of parental figures fighting, getting sometimes physical, and the mental and emotional strains that the fighting causes sends some children into a downwards spiral. Their whole attitude on love in general is questioned. And from first hand experience, the sanctity of marriage itself is questioned. An idea that some children used to find so uplifting and amazing, now seems bleak and not worth it. If the two people I love the most in the whole world cannot seem to get along, and cannot make it work, then what are the chances that my marriage will fail? What is the point in even trying? Is love just another silly Disney ideation that really cannot exist in our world today? â€Å"American society may have erased the stigma that once accompanied divorce, but it can no longer ignore divorce’s massive effects† (Fagan and Rector, 2000). Married couples do not always understand that their fighting and arguments are a lot bigger than just the two of them. It reaches out and branches down to all the people they know. Subsequent relationships between children and their partners become affected. Sometimes girls go crazy and give up on the concept of love and become promiscuous at a young age. They eventually fall into a routine and thanks to the invention of birth control, have no qualms and avoid the pregnancy scare that might have once deterred them otherwise. Boys may become rude and hostile towards their partners and begin to treat their ladies badly in response to how they see their fathers treat their mothers. Coworkers, neighbors, children, friends, everyone is affected. Some articles claim that the divorce rates among young adults today are lower than that of the past. This might be true, but this does not take into account the idea of young relationships failing. Couples that never got married, but might have had children at a young age with no intention of getting married and consequently leading to a single parent and broken home anyways. There was no sacrament done, but the damage still is the same. Repeatedly it is seen that parents will reluctantly â€Å"stay together† for the kids. This is a great idea on paper. It would seem that if the parents were to stay together, that the children would not suffer from the emotional and psychological damage done to a child because of a divorce. What is often overlooked is the fact that if parents stay together, and clearly are not compatible and cannot communicate like adults and actually raise the children, then the child will most likely suffer just as much or even more so than the child with divorced parents. Often times negative traits are learned from the parents during times of arguments that will debilitate the growth of the child. Negative traits would include, harsh tempers, awful communication skill development, and negative views of either parent based on the idea that parents will most likely isolate the children and try to get each on â€Å"their side. The strain of choosing between the two parents puts many over the edge. Children will sometimes develop different drinking or substance abuse problems in order to deal with the problems that they are facing at home leading to failing or dropping out of school, unwanted pregnancies, and even dangerous automobile accidents. â€Å"†Don’t stay together just for the sake of the children. † â€Å"If divorce is better for you, it will be better for your kids. † (Spohn, n. d. ) As the times are continually changing, so do the basic ideas that fuel society as a whole. Divorce rates will rise and fall with the times depending on society and culture. It is a trend that cannot be predicted and cannot be ignored. The overall effect of divorce is an everlasting one and before any decision is made about either marriage or divorce, all the options and pros and cons should always be weighed. Reference: Hughes, R. (2008, August 20). What is the current divorce rate in the United States? Has the divorce rate changed much over the past 5 to 10 years?. MissouriFamilies. org Home. Retrieved July 20, 2011, from http://missourifamilies. org/quick/divorceqa/divorceqa3. tm Fagan, P. , ; Rector, R. (n. d. ). World and I Magazine – The Effects of Divorce in America. Online Magazine: The World ; I Online Magazine. Retrieved July 20, 2011, from http://www. worldandi. com/specialreport/divorce/divorce. html Sociology of Divorce (GCSE). (n. d. ). The Adrian Worsfold Website. Retrieved July 20, 2011, from http://www. change. freeuk. com/learning/socthink/divorcesi mpler. html Spohn, W. C. (n. d. ). The American Myth of Divorce. Santa Clara University – Welcome. Retrieved July 16, 2011, from http://www. scu. edu/ethics/publications/iie/v9n2/divorce. html How to cite Divorce and American Culture, Papers

The Woman Speaks to the Man Who Has Employed Her Son. free essay sample

The Woman Speaks to the Man who has employed Her Son This poem Is relatively easy to understand. Here Is a synopsis of the poem The Woman Speaks to the Man who has employed Her Son by Loran Godson In this poem, a mother expresses her deep affection for her son. She reflects on the unfortunate circumstances of her life as a single parent. She is now concerned about the welfare of her son. This woman is seen as one, whose deep devotion and dedication to her son make her transcend her difficulties.Her responsibility to her son takes priority. But what shatters her now, is the fact that her son is employed by someone who appears to be engaged in shady activities. To her, the gun he carries Is a symbol of destructiveness and criminal activities. The conversational style of the poem makes the reader empathic with the thoughts and feelings of the mother. We will write a custom essay sample on The Woman Speaks to the Man Who Has Employed Her Son. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reader discerns In the mother, fortitude, resilience and spiritual strength which Inform her actions. Did you identify the themes and literary devices in this poem? What are they?Answer these Questions 1. What is the theme of the poem? 2. The mood of the poem is one of (a) disgust and anger (b) optimism and hope (c) sadness and despair 3. Which of these words describe the tone of the poem? Formal, conversational, angry, serious? 4. What do the lines a metallic tide, rising in her mouth each morning suggest about the mother? 5. He treated all his children With equal and unbiased indifference. What do the above lines suggest about the father? 6. Why do you think that the mother is upset about the job her son has taken? 7.What do the black cloth and veiled hat symbolize? . Select the line which expresses the mothers helplessness. 9. Why does she allude to the thief on the left side of the cross? 10. How do you feel as you read the poem? Ay Illimitableness ere Woman Speaks to the Man who has employed Her Son This poem is relatively easy to understand. Here is a synopsis of the poem ere Woman Speaks to the Man who has employed Her Son by Loran Goodish Irish woman is seen as one, whose deep devotion and dedication to her son make her engaged in shady activities.To her, the gun he carries is a symbol of destructiveness he conversational style of the poem makes the reader empathic with the thoughts and feelings of the mother. The reader discerns in the mother, fortitude, resilience and spiritual strength which inform her actions. 1 . What is the theme of the poem? Disgust and anger lb) optimism and hope sadness and despair 4. What do the lines a metallic tide, Ninth equal and unbiased indifference. hat do the above lines suggest about the father? 5. Why do you think that the mother is upset about the Job her son has taken? 7. Nat do the black cloth and hat symbolize?

Management and Staffing Function free essay sample

Staffing is the process, through which competent employees are selected, properly trained, effectively developed, suitably rewarded and their efforts harmoniously integrated towards achieving the objectives of the business. † Staffing has been an important aspect in an organization’s performance. They are: 1. Staffing enhances other managerial functions: The Staffing function is very closely related to other managerial areas of the business. It influences the direction and control in the organization. The effectiveness of the other managerial functions depends on the effectiveness of the staffing function the organization performs. 2. Training and development: Staffing in an organization provides training and development to the employees and enhances the employees to work effectively and this in return enhances the performance of the organization. 3. Effective coordination: The Staffing function in the organization helps to build proper human relationships in the organization. An Effective human relation is the key to better communication and coordination of managerial efforts in an organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Management and Staffing Function or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This enhances the performance of the organization. 4. Effective recruitment and placement: Staffing provides effective recruitment and placement which selects the right person for the right job which enhances the performance of the organization by having or selecting talented employees for the organization. 5. Building effective human resource: Talented and experienced staff is the best asset of a business concern. The staffing function helps developing this asset for the organization. Staffing inculcates the corporate culture into the staff which in turn ensures smooth functioning of all the managerial aspects of the business. . Maximum utilization of work force: Staffing helps in increasing the organization performance by utilizing the workforce to the maximum level. 7. Long term effect of the organization: The staffing decisions have long term effect on the efficiency of an organization. Qualified, efficient and well motivated staff is the best asset of the organization. The Staff ing function in an organization assumes special significance in the context of globalization which demands high degree of efficiency in maintaining competitiveness. Increase productivity and reduce operation costs: Staffing in a company would increase productivity and reduce operation costs in terms of lower turnover rate and transition costs. Staffing in an organization could be able to minimize cost in order to maximize profit, because it could assist the company to stay more competitive within the industry. 9. Job satisfaction due to proper placement: Staffing helps the employees in job satisfaction and when the employees are satisfied with the job then they won’t be any absenteeism, employee’s turnover etc This in turn enhances the performance level of the organization.

How To Overcome Makeshift Marketing With New Marketing Superpowers

How To Overcome Makeshift Marketing With New Marketing Superpowers It’s hard to be productive when you don’t realize the forces working against you. It’s even tougher when habits you viewed as assets are actually liabilities. In modern marketing, this is the game we’re all playing. And there’s a lot riding on us to get results. When we fail, our companies don’t grow. When we’re ineffective, our brand suffers. Not to mention we’re unhappy with ourselves when we underperform. The good news is these unseen forces actually have a face, a name, and are easy to spot once unveiled. Better still, they have a single source we can outpace if we focus in the right place. In this post, I will share with you: The most common cause of poor productivity  in modern marketing, Exactly how it harms our personal and team results by 40% or more, And how to acquire the superpower you need to beat it. To begin, let’s further dissect the problem of Makeshift Marketing I introduced in this post. How To Overcome Makeshift Marketing With New Marketing Superpowers via @The Many Faces Of Makeshift Marketing In marketing, we need to move quickly. We need to launch campaigns with speed†¦ Run effective ads the first time around Publish content that produces results And do this all to the tune of providing real business value. However, our overwhelming tide of tools and demands presses hard against our mission. The modern marketing stack makes staying organized hard. The reality is that today’s marketing landscape is flooded with single-function tools. You’ve got your planning tools, social stack, tools for content marketing, and then productivity tools to manage your team. Problem is, none of them play well together. This makes your life more difficult and actually costs you  results. Around here, we call it Makeshift Marketing, and what we mean is many of the teams we talk to end up adopting a variety of tools just to get their work done†¦ They’ll use one tool for social, and another for task management, and then before they know it they end up adding a spreadsheet to the mix to TRY and tie it all together†¦ How You’re Losing Productivity + Results So let’s talk about why this actually costs us marketers so much. One of makeshift marketing’s worst effects is called context switching. It’s a way of describing the productivity tax of changing from one activity to another. Psychologically, it involves two stages: goal shifting and rule activation. Stage one is goal shifting, which is a function of choosing a new task to focus on. Stage two is rule activation, which means your brain is turning off the rules of the old task and turning on the rules for the new one. For example, let’s say you’re in a meeting about an upcoming marketing campaign. Your team is walking through the launch brief, everyone’s roles, and those all-important deadlines. However, while Fred is talking about the the key metrics you’ll be measuring, your phone buzzes with an email notification. Your habit of immediately responding  nudges you to check it on the sly beneath the conference table. (C’mon, we’ve all done it. It’s NOT like you’re driving.) The email is from your boss, and it’s in reply to an email from her boss asking about the status of a project. The simple question she asked is: â€Å"Where are we at on this?† #ugh Is she mad? Does she think the delay is your fault, even though you’re waiting on another team? You reply with: â€Å"Have it on my radar for today. Will follow up ASAP.† Then quickly open your todo app and add that to your ever-growing list. You were going to do this later this afternoon anyways, but unfortunately she beat you to it. This project is a killer. And you’re the only conduit of communication between your boss, external stakeholders, internal teams, and of course your own team. Why? Because there is no central version of truth for everyone to check and keep on the same page. But that’s another project for another day You lock your phone and you’re back to Fred. However, not only did you miss a few details, you’re trying to catch up to the entire thrust of what he was saying to begin with. In fact, you probably forgot all about Fred while reading this little email episode. What Really Happened While Fred Was Talking In this not-so-imaginary example,  it wasn’t simple distraction that took place. When you turned your attention from the meeting to read your email, your mind entered goal-shift mode, expending energy to focus on a new task. While you thought you could listen to Fred and email at the same time, your biological limitations said differently - because multitasking is a myth. Next, upon reading and replying to the email, the next stage took place. It’s called new rule activation, meaning your brain crunched all of the parameters of your relationship with your boss, the project, and its multiple stakeholders. This has to happen so you have the necessary context to make decisions. Your working relationships outside of this meeting operate by different criteria than inside of it. Because there are different expectations, and therefore different rules. Even though your brain can make this context switch with incredible speed, there is still a cost. In this interview with Forbes, productivity expert Todd Herman  explains this cost in a variety of ways. Worse, according to studies by Gloria Mark, an ‘interruption scientist’ at the University of California: â€Å"When people are frequently diverted from one task to another, they work faster, but produce less.† When people are frequently diverted from one task to another, they work faster, but produce less.The True Cost Of Context Switching Does working faster but producing less sound like a familiar trend? Here’s the unveiled cost of context switching. Every time we work on multiple projects, we pay a productivity tax. What About This Superpower? As a marketer, there are myriad factors in beating constant context switching. But the single biggest productivity win you can make is getting organized. While there is a major downside  to interruption and disorganization, there is only upside  to focus and organization. As Herman points out in the video above, if you change the way you work, you can get dramatically different results. But not by working harder - simply by working more efficiently. While it’s not sexy, organization is actually the key superpower to defeat the impact of makeshift marketing, the cost of context switching, and the mental drain it creates. It’s mission critical because marketing today collaborates with nearly every facet of the business spectrum. We work with developers, designers, project managers, sales, customer support, and even our operations folks. Modern marketing becomes an untethered yarn ball if we don’t relentlessly organize our entire program. The path is simple, focus on just one thing: organization. Why should organization be the one thing marketers focus on most?The Superpower Of Focusing On Just One Thing One of my favorite books is The One Thing  by Gary Keller, founder of the largest real-estate company in the world. He sums up the power of focusing on just thing nicely. â€Å"If everyone has the same number of hours in the day, why do some people seem to get so much more done than others? How do they do more, achieve more, earn more, have more? If time is the currency of achievement, then why are some able to cash in their allotment for more chips than others? The answer is they make getting to the heart of things the heart of their approach. They go small. Going small is ignoring all the things you could do and doing what you should do. It’s recognizing that not all things matter equally and finding the things that matter most. It’s a tighter way to connect what you do with what you want. It’s realizing that extraordinary results are directly determined by how narrow you can make your focus.† This works in every arena of life, too. Just ask author and leadership coach Peter Bregman, who attributes  focusing on just one thing to  losing 18 pounds  in just over a month to designing better leadership programs for Fortune 100 companies. From your personal life to working at scale in a global organization, focusing on one impactful thing is the most successful driver of change. Here’s why organization  should immediately become your one thing (and therefore transform into your superpower): The average office employee  spends over one hour each day just looking for things.  Makeshift marketing is a primary driver of stats like this because of endless spreadsheets, single-function tools, and communication channels. Forbes ASAP reports  that they typical executive wastes 150 hours per year searching for lost information.  By having a single source of truth for your entire marketing program, you can gain weeks  of time back†¦ Not simply hours, but weeks! The Wall Street Journal showed  that workers waste an average of 40% of our work days because of poor organizational skills.  As illustrated before, context switching and makeshift marketing alone account for the majority of this time in a marketing context. The truth is, you and your team can stop losing results to the mayhem of makeshift marketing today.

Mental Maps - How We See the World

Mental Maps - How We See the World A persons perception of the world is known as a mental map. A mental map is an individuals own internal map of their known world. Geographers like to learn about the mental maps of individuals and how they order the space around them. This can be investigated by asking for directions to a landmark or other location, by asking someone to draw a sketch map of an area or describe that area, or by asking a person to name as many places (i.e. states) as possible in a short period of time. Its quite interesting what we learn from the mental maps of groups. In many studies, we find that those of lower socioeconomic groups have maps which cover smaller geographic areas than the mental maps of affluent individuals. For instance, residents of lower-income areas of Los Angeles know about upscale areas of the metropolitan area such as Beverly Hills and Santa Monica but really dont know how to get there or where they are exactly located. They do perceive that these neighborhoods are in a certain direction and lie between other known areas. By asking individuals for directions, geographers can determine which landmarks are embedded in the mental maps of a group. Many studies of college students have been performed around the world to determine their perception of their country or region. In the United States, when students are asked to rank the best places to live or the place they would most like to move to, California and Southern Florida consistently rank very high. Conversely, states such as Mississippi, Alabama, and the Dakotas rank low in the mental maps of students who dont live in those regions. Ones local area is almost always viewed most positively and many students, when asked where theyd like to move, just want to stay in the same area where they grew up. Students in Alabama rank their own state as a great place to live and would avoid the North. It is quite interesting that there are such divisions in the mental maps between the northeast and southeast portions of the country which are remnants of the Civil War and a division over 140 years ago. In the United Kingdom, students from around the country are quite fond of the southern coast of England. Far northern Scotland is generally perceived negatively and even though London is near the cherished southern coast, there is an island of slightly negative perception around the metropolitan area. Investigations of mental maps show that the mass medias coverage and stereotypical discussions and coverage of places around the world has a major effect on peoples perception of the world. Travel helps to counter the effects of the media and generally increase a persons perception of an area, especially if it is a popular vacation destination.

Ockham Technologies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ockham Technologies - Research Paper Example It would be hectic to get each board member engaged at a single place for meeting and equal participation of board members in company’s interest would be overseen (Sargeant & Jay, 2009). On the contrary, by keeping a small board of directors there will be unity and a sense of ownership and serving common purpose would be developed within the board team. The work will be performed smoothly and efficiently and organizational goals will be accomplished speedily without any bureaucracy being involved (Council on Foundations, 2010). 2. Before making a fund-raising decision, Ockham will need to consider certain factors such as the size of the board and the role played by each board member. Size of the board of directors would depend on the potential investor’s approach towards the control of equity in the company. The size of the board will also clarify the level of involvement of each member of the board in Ockham’s affairs (Martinelli, 2013). Then comes the intangibl e attributes that Ockham will need to define before defining board of directors. ... rmance at their current organizations will also be assessed in order to project the financial value that each board member will be adding to Ockham Technologies (Altenburg, 2011). 3. At some point of time, tension between strategic business partners is destined to emerge due to a shift in approach towards business and bringing changes in the organizational structure or operational structure (Jamieson, Eklund, & Meekin, 2012). If I were to play the role of Jim Triandiflou and reduce tensions between me and Mike Meisenheimer, I would select different conflict management strategies to resolve the issue in Ockham’s greater interest. First of all, I would have started to consult Mike in important decisions regarding the future and present of Ockham as an accommodating strategy. Than adopting an avoiding strategy would allow me to ignore petty issues and integrate my ideas into functions after collaborating and reaching a compromised agreement with Mike. In this manner, it will be a win-win situation for both Mike and me as both of us will be giving up elements of our position to implement an acceptable solution. If all of that wouldn’t have worked in resolving tensions between me and Mike, I could adopt competing strategy of conflict management which would require me to remind Mike about his percentage of equity in the company and that I, being 50% equity holder in the company, have the upper hand in decision making (Dotingney, 2013). 4. The best option available to Ockham to develop systems for IBM in the given time period is to hire system developers and ask them to work in-house. This would be beneficial as it will lower the costs involved in the system development and enable Ockham to use the hired team for future projects. This would also reduce costs involved in

Discussion Forum #2 - Do Human Races Exist Assignment

Discussion Forum #2 - Do Human Races Exist - Assignment Example ans that the races can be viewed both as a biological construct that focuses on low levels of genetic diversity of humans, the clinical distribution of human characteristics, the non-concordance of human traits as well as the greater polymorphic as opposed to polytypic variants. In the case of cultural construct, it is arguable that the concept of race simply exists in the minds of different people. The anthropologists, therefore, believe that race cannot be solely explained through biology but by the understanding of the how individuals use the external attributes of humans to link them to different genetic traits that classify humans. This explains that it is extremely practical to understand the concept of race by assessing how humans create different groups in the society and how they strive to identify with these groups. Racial identification is evident in the different group interactions (Audio lecture 2015). It is, therefore, worth to conclude that an understanding of relations of different people in relation to culture as well as understanding of their physical characteristics is extremely vital and useful in the study pf races as compared to applying biological concepts. For instance, race is non-concordant since it is not correlated to bodily attributes such as skin color, weight or height. Race is also clinally invariant since we cannot trace its onset or its

Meningitis Vaccine Policy in Saudi Arabia

Meningitis Vaccine Policy in Saudi Arabia Meningitis Vaccine Policy During Hajj Overview of the Essay This essay looks at the meningitis vaccine policy during Hajj in Saudi Arabia, first looking at the healthcare system in Saudi Arabia, in terms of how the health care system is structured and what the policies towards vaccination against meningitis are. The essay then moves on to discuss more general policies towards meningitis vaccination, from the World Health Organisation (WHO), for example, and how the Saudi model of vaccination fits in to this more general framework. The essay then moves on to looking at social theories that have been suggested to explain how organisations work, in terms of understanding how meningitis can be spread through the hajjis attending the Hajj pilgrimage. The essay then moves on to look at what evidence has been gained from research in to meningitis outbreaks during Hajj, and meningitis control through vaccination. This is presented in the form of a literature review of the current, relevant, literature regarding meningitis outbreaks during Hajj, and meningitis control through vaccination. Literature that is specific to Saudi Arabia is focused on, although vaccination programmes that have been successfully attempted further afield will also be discussed. The essay then moves on to looking at how and when the current Saudi Arabian vaccination policy and how this policy differs from previous policies, in terms of why the new policy was introduced and what the positive and negative effects of this policy have been. This section incorporates research reviewed in the previous section, through the literature review of the relevant research, and also looks at how historical trends and international trends in healthcare have contributed to this policy. The impact of globalisation on health care is also discussed. The essay then moves on to discuss any gaps that are present between the stated policy and the implementation of this policy, in terms of the organisational constraints that are present that directly affect policy implementation. The next section of the essay looks at the implications of the policy for nursing practice, in terms of the direct involvement of nurses, the need for counselling and educating parents, in terms of the historical development of nursing and the international trends in nursing. Introduction The Saudi Healthcare System This section looks at how the health care system is structured in Saudi Arabia, and what the policies towards vaccination against meningitis are within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The essay then moves on to discuss more general policies towards meningitis vaccination, from the World Health Organisation (WHO), for example, and how the Saudi model of vaccination fits in to this more general framework. The essay then moves on to looking at social theories that have been suggested to explain how organisations work, in terms of understanding how meningitis can be spread through the hajjis attending the Hajj pilgrimage. The healthcare system in Saudi Arabia is essentially a national health care system, provided by the Government, which is overseen by the Ministry of Health (MOH), which provides primary healthcare services through a series of health care centres scattered throughout the Kingdom. These primary care centres refer applicable cases to advanced specialist curative services based in hospitals. In addition, secondary and tertiary care is provided by a variety of Ministries, and through a variety of private and public organisations: for example, Saudi Arabian universities provide specialist care, through their research hospitals and Saudi Arabian airlines provide health care to it’s employees. Emergency care is provided by the Saudi Red Crescent Society, and is also responsible for providing medical care during the Hajj and Umra pilgrimages. Health care is free, at the point of delivery, to all Saudi citizens and expatriates working in Saudi Arabia, and the Saudi Government spends an estimated ten per cent of its annual budget on health care: this seems to be a good investment as the Saudi’s have one of the highest life expectancy in the region, although obesity is becoming a concern in Saudi Arabia, due to the introduction of the ‘Western’ diet to the region. Whilst a more than adequate health care system is provided by the Saudi Government, as has been seen, there is also a thriving private healthcare system which provides all levels of care, from primary to tertiary and including emergency medical services. The Saudi Government is also interested in reforming the health care system, with a desire to achieve coordination amongst the various sectors and to increase the number of Saudi medical and nursing graduates so that Saudi employees can work in this sector, rather than employing many hundreds of thousands of expatriate nursing and medical staff, as is currently the case. The Saudi Government is also attempting to introduce a cooperative health insurance scheme, which would cover all non-Saudi residents living and working in the country. Infection Control for the Hajj In order to attend the Hajj, vaccination against the A and C meningitis strains was made mandatory, following on from the worldwide outbreak of meningitis A which occurred following the 1987 Hajj (Fonkoua et al., 2002) and a 1992 outbreak of meningitis A which occurred amongst Umra pilgrims (Wilder-Smith et al., 2003). In addition to this requirement for travellers entering Saudi Arabia for the Hajj, all hajjis coming from countries belonging to the African meningitis belt, and those arriving from areas that had recently experienced a meningitis outbreak, were required to take a single dose of ciprofloxacin upon arrival to Saudi Arabia (WHO, 2001). This policy was in place in Saudi Arabia until the recent outbreak of the W-135 serogroup. The current concern of health professionals and health organisations is, however, the W-135 serogroup, due to the recorded outbreak of meningitis amongst Singaporean pilgrims returning from the Hajj in 2001, many of whom had been vaccinated with the quadrivalent vaccine (Wilder-Smith et al., 2003). As stated in Wilder-Smith et al. (2003), there was a massive outbreak of serogroup W-135 meningitis in the 2000 and 2001 pilgrimages, through pharyngeal carriage of the serotype in pilgrims returning from the Hajj. Wilder-Smith et al. (2003) looked at meningitis carriage during the minor pilgrimage (Umra) and found that, whilst the W-135 serotype was carried, it was at a much lower rate of incidence, at 1.3% versus the 17% found in Hajj pilgrims, leading to their conclusion that in order to reduce the potential introduction of N.meningiditis W-135 in to the countries of origin of the pilgrims, then a ttentions would be better focused on those pilgrims attending the Hajj rather than the Umra. Following on from the Hajj-associated outbreak of W-135 serogroup, the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health changed their policy with regards to meningitis and made it mandatory for hajjis to receive the quadrivalent vaccine (against A, C, Y and W-135) as a visa requirement from 2002 for people entering Saudi Arabia for the purposes of the Hajj (Wilder-Smith et al., 2003). In addition, the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health administers antibiotics to all local Saudi hajjis in order to eradicate the carriage of the W-135 serogroup and to reduce transmission to local contacts and to the larger community (Wilder-Smith et al., 2003). In terms of more general policies with regards to vaccination programmes against meningitis, the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended control practices for meningitis involve vaccination with the A/C vaccine in response to epidemics, which requires that epidemics are detected early and that stocks of vaccines be set up in at-risk regions, so that vaccination can be rapid (Fonkoua et al., 2002). Whilst other outbreaks of the W-135 strain of meningitis are becoming increasingly common, such as the outbreaks in Yaounde in Cameroon (Fonkoua et al., 2002) and in Burkina Faso (which killed 1500 people of the 13000 known to have been infected), the WHO is recommends preventative vaccination to protect those individuals at risk (for example, travellers, people in the military and pilgrims) (WHO, 2003) and vaccination for those who have been in close contact with known meningitis cases. In terms of vaccination for epidemic control, the WHO recommends that in the African meningitis belt , the known hotspot for meningitis, stretching from Senegal to Ethopia, epidemics be controlled with enhanced surveillance and the use of oily chloramphenicol, with mass vaccinations for those areas in the epidemic phase and those contiguous areas that are in alert phase: such mass vaccination, promptly administered is estimated to prevent seventy per cent of cases (WHO, 2003). As shown in a 2001 WHO report (WHO, 2001) on the emergence of the W-135 strain of meningitis, infection with this strain can lead to outbreaks of considerable size and because the epidemiology of this strain is not well understood, there is a serious need for travellers to the Hajj to be protected. The 2001 outbreak of W-135 strain of meningitis at the Hajj spread worldwide with a total of 304 cases reported and this outbreak raised serious questions as to whether the W-135 strain of meningitis will become a major public health problem at national and international levels (WHO, 2001). As shown in the NHS leaflet specially designed for UK citizens and residents planning on attending the Hajj, the W-135 strain of meningitis is deadly and vaccination against the A and C strains of meningitis does not protect an individual against this more deadly strain: only the quadrivalent vaccine will protect individuals against the W-135 strain of meningitis (NHS, 2007). In terms of the WHO policy on the W-135 strain of meningitis, the WHO has stated that the currently available vaccine is too expensive to be applicable for mass vaccination programmes that are known to be effective in the prevention of the epidemic outbreak of other meningitis strains, and so the WHO is pressing for an affordable vaccine against the W-135 strain, i.e., a vaccine at a price that would be affordable in an African situation, given that the majority of outbreaks of meningitis occurring worldwide occur in the African meningitis belt (WHO, 2003). Thus, there is no widespread vaccination programme with the quadrivalent vaccine, which protects against the W-135 strain of meningitis, unlike the routine vaccination programmes with the vaccines that are effective against the A and C strains. As the WHO, the Saudi government and various Governments who deal with their citizens who attend the Hajj (for example, the UK) are recommending, it is, at the moment, sufficient that the quadrivalent vaccine is given only to those who are at risk, i.e., those who are planning on entering a region that is known to have the W-135 strain. Widespread vaccination against the W-135 strain of meningitis is not being practiced anywhere in the world, mainly, it seems, due to the high cost of the vaccine but also due to the fact that there is no scientific evidence as to the global direction of the W-135 strain of meningitis i.e., the fact that there is no evidence, as yet, to suggest that the W-135 strain of meningitis will become a global scourge (WH O, 2001) and, as such, that it is not certain, as yet, as to whether a mass vaccination against this strain is necessary. Due to this information, the Saudi Arabian government implemented a mass vaccination with the tetravalent vaccine, active against the A, C and W strains of meningitis (WHO, 2001) and put in place the controls for hajjis as previously outlined: i) making it mandatory for hajjis to receive the quadrivalent vaccine (against A, C, Y and W-135) as a visa requirement from 2002 for people entering Saudi Arabia for the purposes of the Hajj (Wilder-Smith et al., 2003); ii) administering antibiotics to all local Saudi hajjis in order to eradicate the carriage of the W-135 serogroup and to reduce transmission to local contacts and to the larger community (Wilder-Smith et al., 2003); and iii) requiring all hajjis coming from countries belonging to the African meningitis belt, and those arriving from areas that had recently experienced a meningitis outbreak, to take a single dose of ciprofloxacin upon arrival to Saudi Arabia (WHO, 2001). Social theories to explain how organisations work This section looks at some of the social theories that have been suggested to explain how organisations work, in terms of understanding how meningitis can be spread through the hajjis attending the Hajj pilgrimage. In terms of the social theories that have been suggested to explain how organisations work, in terms of understanding how meningitis can be spread through the hajjis attending the Hajj pilgrimage Bourdieu, writing in Hillier and Rooksby (2005) talks about the concept of ‘habitus’ in terms of describing both geographical and social spaces or dispositions, which Bourdieu (2005) describes as permanent manners of being, seeing, acting and thinking, a permanent structure of perception, conception and action. Bourdieu’s (2005) thinking on habitus and dispositions can be applied to participation in the Hajj, as Bourdieu (2005) widens his definition of habitus to include unity of human behaviour, or what he terms lifestyle: that is, a set of acquired characteristics which are the product of prevailing social conditions. Bourdieu (2005) argues that this habitus, this disposition, can lead to entrenched behaviours and responses, especially in religious beliefs, for example, which leads, for example, to people wishing to attend the Hajj pilgrimage as part of their religious beliefs. Other social theories that have been put forward to explain organisational behaviour include social network theory (Barnes, 1954) which explains how social networks are formed, through the formation of nodes (i.e,, individuals) which are bound together through interdependency such as values or visions or disease transmission. The use of this theory can help epidemiologists explain how, for example, meningitis is spread amongst and beyond hajjis, leading to the development of plans and policies to contain the spread of meningitis. This will be looked at in more detail later in the essay. The Evidence from the Research This section looks at what evidence has been gained from research in to meningitis outbreaks during Hajj, and meningitis control through vaccination. This is presented in the form of a literature review of the current, relevant, literature regarding meningitis outbreaks during Hajj, and meningitis control through vaccination. Literature that is specific to Saudi Arabia is focused on, although outbreaks and vaccination programmes that have been successfully attempted further afield will also be discussed. There was a massive outbreak of serogroup W-135 meningitis in the 2000 and 2001 Hajj pilgrimages, through pharyngeal carriage of the serotype in pilgrims returning from the Hajj (Wilder-Smith et al., 2003). Wilder-Smith et al. (2003) looked at meningitis carriage during the minor pilgrimage (Umra) and found that, whilst the W-135 serotype was carried, it was at a much lower rate of incidence, at 1.3% versus the 17% found in Hajj pilgrims, leading to their conclusion that in order to reduce the potential introduction of N.meningiditis W-135 in to the countries of origin of the pilgrims, then attentions would be better focused on those pilgrims attending the Hajj rather than the Umra. Outbreaks of the W-135 strain of meningitis are becoming increasingly common further afield, such as the outbreaks in Yaounde in Cameroon (reported in Fonkoua et al., 2002) and in Burkina Faso (which killed 1500 people of the 13000 known to have been infected) (reported in WHO, 2001). To this end, as will be seen, whilst there is a vaccine against the W-135 strain of meningitis, this vaccine is extremely expensive and, as such, is not suitable for mass vaccination programmes. The vaccine is currently only in usage for travellers who are expecting to travel in to high risk regions, i.e., hajjis travelling to the Hajj which happens in a known outbreak area. It is hoped, however, that the WHO lobbying of the pharmaceutical companies will produce a more affordable version of the vaccine that would then be utilised in mass vaccination programmes, particularly across the African meningitis region, in order to minimise the spread of the deadly W-135 strain of meningitis. The Saudi Arabian Vaccination Policy This section looks at the current Saudi Arabian vaccination policy and how this policy differs from previous policies, in terms of why the new policy was introduced and what the positive and negative effects of this policy have been. This section incorporates research reviewed in the previous section, through the literature review of the relevant research, and also looks at how historical trends and international trends in healthcare have contributed to this policy. The impact of globalisation on health care is also discussed. Prior to the W-135 meningitis outbreak amongst those who had attended the 2001 Hajj, and following on from the worldwide outbreak of meningitis A which occurred following the 1987 Hajj (Fonkoua et al., 2002) and a 1992 outbreak of meningitis A which occurred amongst Umra pilgrims (Wilder-Smith et al., 2003), the Saudi Arabia vaccine policy was for mandatory vaccination against the A and C meningitis strains for all hajjis, with the necessity to present a certificate of vaccination upon application for a visa to travel to Saudi Arabia for the Hajj. In 2003, similarly to many other countries, such as the UK, who also undertake such a mass vaccination scheme, the Saudi Arabian government implemented a mass vaccination with the tetravalent vaccine, which is active against the A, C and W strains of meningitis (WHO, 2001). Following the 2001 W-135 outbreak, the Saudi Arabian Government put in place several controls for hajjis: i) it became mandatory for hajjis to receive the quadrivalent vaccine (against A, C, Y and W-135) as a visa requirement from 2002 for people entering Saudi Arabia for the purposes of the Hajj (Wilder-Smith et al., 2003); ii) the Saudi Arabian Government administered antibiotics to all local Saudi hajjis in order to eradicate the carriage of the W-135 serogroup and to reduce transmission to local contacts and to the larger community (Wilder-Smith et al., 2003); and iii) it became a requirement for entry to the country that all hajjis coming from countries belonging to the African meningitis belt, and those arriving from areas that had recently experienced a meningitis outbreak, were to take a single dose of ciprofloxacin upon arrival to Saudi Arabia (WHO, 2001). In terms of how international trends in healthcare and globalisation have contributed to these changes in the policy of the Saudi Arabian Government towards controlling meningitis, whilst the Hajj has always attracted pilgrims from all over the world, only recently has the deadly W-135 strain of meningitis reared its head, presenting a potentially disastrous scenario if this disease became epidemic as a consequence of the ideal conditions for disease replication that the Hajj presents. Thus, the Saudi Arabian Government has had to work fast to draw up a policy that minimises, as far as possible, the chances of a W-135 epidemic. The Saudi Arabian response to this threat has been impressive, in terms of drawing up practical, preventative measures so quickly and putting these in to practice so quickly. Globalisation has speeded up international travel and, through globalisation, the world has become, in a very real sense, smaller. One can literally travel wherever one desires, faster than ever before. The fact that there was an outbreak of W-135 in Singapore, amongst Singaporean hajjis, shows that what could once, historically, have been an isolated outbreak of such a deadly disease now has the potential to affect many thousands of individuals, as those infected could, potentially, travel on many different modes of transport, across many thousands of miles, coming in to contact with many different individuals, who could then become carriers of the disease, spreading the disease far afield and leading to different outbreaks of the same disease in places where the disease has never been reported previously. Problems Facing the Policies in Place to Prevent Meningitis Outbreaks During the Hajj This section discusses the gaps that are present between the stated policy and the implementation of this policy, in terms of the organisational constraints that are present that directly affect policy implementation. The actual situation of meningitis control amongst hajjis requires attention, as it is known that many hajjis enter Saudi Arabia illegally and thus are not reached by formal checks or health services whilst entering Saudi Arabia (WHO, 2001). This leads to the situation where diseases could be spread through an individual slipping through the many and varied controls that have been put in place by the Saudi Arabian Government, as it is known that many of these illegal immigrants come from countries that do not have vaccination programmes in place and who, therefore, are highly unlikely to have been vaccined prior to travelling to Saudi Arabia for the Hajj. For this reason, aside from the formal border controls on entry of hajjis, vaccination posts have been established in the last few years around the Holy Mosque (WHO, 2001). In addition, risks are presented by the arrival, at Saudi Arabian border entry ports, of individuals bearing false vaccination certificates. This presents a particular problem as these individuals put at risk the Saudi Arabian control policies that are in place, through the fact that these individuals may be carriers of disease, and may pass disease to the hajjis, but also because the need to vaccinate these individuals, often numbering in to the thousands, costs the Saudi Arabian Government time and money, paying for and administering the vaccine, a vaccine that is in short global supply and which is expensive (WHO, 2001). In terms of minimising the chances of such problems occurring, the Saudi Arabian Government has been in close talks with the Governments of countries of the African meningitis belt to offer direct, on the spot, help with vaccination programmes, donating vaccines to those countries who cannot afford them and opening temporary health centres in those countries that do not have the necessary infrastructure for the administration of said vaccines (WHO, 2001). The Saudi Arabian Government is also involved in research looking at, for example, carriage prevelance of meningitis strains in Mecca and the impact of mass chemoprophylaxis with ciprofloxacin (Who, 2001). Thus, whilst there are gaps that are present between the stated policy and the implementation of this policy, in terms of the organisational constraints that are present that directly affect policy implementation, the Saudi Arabian Government seems, really, as shown through this in-depth study, to be doing literally all it can to attempt to control, as far as possible, the outbreak of various strains of meningitis amongst hajjis during Hajj. Implications of the Saudi Arabian Policy for Nursing Practice The next section of the essay looks at the implications of the policy for nursing practice, in terms of the direct involvement of nurses, the need for counselling and educating parents, in terms of the historical development of nursing and the international trends in nursing. There are many and varied problems presented to UK nurses by the Saudi Arabian policy on vaccination against meningitis, in terms of the fact that UK nursing staff need training to understand the cultural significance of the Hajj to their muslim patients, in order to understand any potential requests for vaccination and to diagnose any potential diseases on their return from the Hajj. Nurses dealing directly with hajjis also require further training in the current vaccination requirements for hajjis, as determined by the Saudi Arabian Government’s vaccination policy, as shown through their visa requirements, in order to administer the correct, required, vaccines. The nursing staff in contact with hajjis should also be fully versed in the symptoms of all types of meningitis (including the deadly W-135) and other diseases that could be contracted whilst undertaking the Hajj, in order for timely diagnoses to be made, and timely treatment to be delivered to the patient. The fact that there was an outbreak of W-135 in Singapore, amongst Singaporean hajjis, shows that what could once, historically, have been an isolated outbreak of such a deadly disease now has the potential to affect many thousands of individuals, as those infected could, potentially, travel on many different modes of transport, across many thousands of miles, coming in to contact with many different individuals, who could then become carriers of the disease, spreading the disease far afield and leading to different outbreaks of the same disease in places where the disease has never been reported previously. Thus, globalisation has led to the situation where nursing staff need to be attuned to the possibility of ‘local’ patients presenting with ‘tropical’ or ‘foreign’ diseases. Whilst there is a system of reporting set up for such diseases, the early diagnosis of such diseases is often mistaken for common ailments, such as flu, for example, and diagnosis and treatment delayed, often leading to the spreading of the disease whilst the patient is ‘at large’ and not contained. This was the case in the 2001 outbreak of W-135 meningitis in the UK, with only 8 of the 51 total cases being actual pilgrims and 22 cases being contacts of the pilgrims, with 21 cases not having any apparent contact with the pilgrims: transmission was maintained for several months prior to diagnosis which is suspected to have led to many of the additional cases (WHO, 2001). Thus, nursing staff in countries that host Hajj attendees, such as the UK, need to be aware not only of current policies which affect the vaccination requirements of hajjis, but also of diseases that could be contracted whilst at the Hajj, in terms of knowing what symptoms to look for in patients returning from the Hajj. Saudi Arabian policies that are aimed at controlling the spread of meningitis during the Hajj thus not only have an effect on Saudi Arabian nursing staff, in terms of requiring them to administer any necessary vaccines and/or other medication, but also have a direct impact on nursing staff in those countries that host hajjis, for example, the UK, requiring special training for nursing staff. Conclusion This essay has looked at the meningitis vaccine policy during Hajj in Saudi Arabia, first looking at the healthcare system in Saudi Arabia, in terms of how the health care system is structured and what the policies towards vaccination against meningitis are. It was seen that the Saudi Arabian policies to vaccination against meningitis have changed somewhat in light of the 2001 outbreak of the W-135 strain of meningitis, which led to a tightening of requirements for entry to the country for the purposes of the Hajj and to a widespread vaccination programme across Saudi Arabia, and a local vaccination and medication programme in the immediate vicinity of the Hajj sites. The essay then moved on to discuss more general policies towards meningitis vaccination, from the World Health Organisation (WHO), for example, and how the Saudi model of vaccination fits in to this more general framework. As seen, the WHO is concerned that a major outbreak of the W-135 strain of meningitis could not be controlled, due to the high cost of the vaccine; the Saudi mondel fits in to this general framework in terms of aiming to prevent an outbreak not through mass vaccination with the quadrivalent vaccine but through the careful control of individuals entering the Hajj zone. The essay then moved on to looking at social theories that have been suggested to explain how organisations work, in terms of understanding how meningitis can be spread through the hajjis attending the Hajj pilgrimage, showing that many social theories are applicable to explain how diseases are transmitted across the Hajj period. The evidence that has been gained from research in to meningitis outbreaks during Hajj was then discussed, as was the historical treatment of meningitis control through vaccination. This was presented in the form of a literature review of the current, relevant, literature regarding meningitis outbreaks during Hajj, and meningitis control through vaccination. Literature that is specific to Saudi Arabia was focused on, although vaccination programmes that have been successfully attempted further afield were also discussed. The essay then moved on to look at how and when the current Saudi Arabian vaccination policy has changed, and how this policy differs from previous policies, in terms of why the new policy was introduced and what the positive and negative effects of this policy have been. It was shown that, prior to the W-135 meningitis outbreak amongst those who had attended the 2001 Hajj, and following on from the worldwide outbreak of meningitis A which occurred following the 1987 Hajj (Fonkoua et al., 2002) and a 1992 outbreak of meningitis A which occurred amongst Umra pilgrims (Wilder-Smith et al., 2003), the Saudi Arabia vaccine policy was for mandatory vaccination against the A and C meningitis strains for all hajjis, with the necessity to present a certificate of vaccination upon application for a visa to travel to Saudi Arabia for the Hajj. In 2003, similarly to many other countries, such as the UK, who also undertake such a mass vaccination scheme, the Saudi Arabian government implemented a mass vaccination with the tetravalent vaccine, which is active against the A, C and W strains of meningitis (WHO, 2001). Following the 2001 W-135 outbreak, the Saudi Arabian Government put in place several controls for hajjis: i) it became mandatory for hajjis to receive the quadrivalent vaccine (against A, C, Y and W-135) as a visa requirement from 2002 for people entering Saudi Arabia for the purposes of the Hajj (Wilder-Smith et al., 2003); ii) the Saudi Arabian Government administered antibiotics to all local Saudi hajjis in order to eradicate the carriage of the W-135 serogroup and to reduce transmission to local contacts and to the larger community (Wilder-Smith et al., 2003); and iii) it became a requirement for entry to the country that all hajjis coming from countries belonging to the African meningitis belt, and those arriving from areas that had recently experienced a meningitis outbreak, were to take a single dose of ciprofloxacin upon arrival to Saudi Arabia (WHO, 2001). In terms of how historical trends and international trends in healthcare have contributed to this policy, and the impact of globalisation on health care, it was shown that globalisation has meant that diseases can spread far more rapidly and widely than ever before, and that this has grave consequences in terms of deadly diseases such as the W-135 strain of meningitis. Various problems for the Saudi Arabian vaccination policy were then discussed, and the relevant solutions were given, and then the essay moved on to discussing the role of nurses involved in the care potential hajjis and of returning, infected, hajjis, in terms of the implications of the Saudi Arabian vaccination policy for nursing practice, in terms of the direct involvement of nurses, the need for counselling and educating parents, and in terms of the historical development of nursing and the international trends in n