What Is Grading on a Curve

Grading on a curve is a term that describes a variety of different methods that a teacher uses to adjust the scores her students received on a test in some way. Most of the time, grading on a curve boosts the students grades by moving their actual scores up a few notches, perhaps increasing the letter grade. Some teachers use curves to adjust the scores received in exams, whereas other teachers prefer to adjust what letter grades are assigned to the actual scores. Whats the Curve? The curve referred to in the term is the bell curve, which is used in statistics to show the normal distribution—what the expected variation is—of any set of data. Its called a bell curve because once the data is plotted on a graph, the line created usually forms the shape of a bell or hill. In a normal distribution, most of the data will be near the middle, or the mean, with very few figures on the outside of the bell, known as outliers. All things being equal, if test scores were normally distributed, 2.1% of the tested students will receive an A on the test, 13.6% will get a B, 68% get Cs, 13.6% get Ds, and 2.1% of the class gets an F.   Why Do Teachers Use a Curve? Teachers use the bell curve to analyze their tests, assuming that a bell curve will be visible if the test is a good one of the material she presented. If, for example, a teacher looks at her class scores and sees that the mean (average) grade of her midterm was approximately a C, and slightly fewer students earned Bs and Ds and even fewer students earned As and Fs, then she could conclude that the test was a good design. If, on the other hand, she plots the test scores and sees that the average grade was a 60%, and no one scored above an 80%, then she could conclude that the test may have been too difficult. At that point, she might use the curve to adjust the scoring so that there is a normal distribution, including A grades. How Do Teachers Grade on a Curve? There are several ways to grade on a curve, many of which are mathematically complex. Here are a few of the most popular ways that teachers curve grades along with each methods most basic explanations: Add Points: A teacher increases each students grade with the same number of points. When Is It Used? After the test, a teacher determines that most of the kids got questions 5 and 9 incorrect. She may decide that the questions were confusingly written or not well taught; if so, she adds the score of those questions to everyones score.Benefits: Everyone gets a better grade.Drawbacks: Students dont learn from the question unless the teacher offers a revision. Bump a Grade to 100%: A teacher moves one students score to 100% and adds the same number of points used to get that student to 100 to everyone elses score. When Is It Used? If no one in the class gets a 100%, and the closest score is an 88%, for example, a teacher could determine that the test overall was too difficult. If so, she could add 12 percentage points to that students score to make it 100% and then add 12 percentage points to everyone elses grade, too.Benefits: Everyone gets a better score.Drawbacks: The kids with the lowest grades benefit the least (a 22% plus 12 points is still a failing grade). Use the Square Root: A teacher takes the square root of the test percentage and makes it the new grade. When Is It Used? The teacher believes everyone needs a little bit of a boost but has a wide distribution of grades—there arent a lot of Cs as you would expect in the normal distribution. So, she takes the square root of everyones percentage grade and uses it as the new grade: √x adjusted grade. Real grade .90 (90%) Adjusted grade √.90 .95 (95%).Benefits: Everyone gets a better score.Drawbacks: Not everyones grade is adjusted equally. Someone who scores a 60% would get a new grade of 77%, which is a 17-point bump. The kid scoring the 90% only gets a 5-point bump. Who Threw Off the Curve? Students in a class often accuse one person of throwing off the curve. So, what does that mean and how did she do it? The theory is that a very sharp student who aces an exam that everyone else has trouble with will throw off the curve. For example, if the majority of testers earned a 70% and only one student in the whole class earned an A, a 98%, then when the teacher goes to adjust the grades, that outlier could make it harder for other students to score higher. Heres an example using the three methods of curved grading from above: If the teacher wants to add points for missed questions to everyones grade, but the highest grade is a 98%, then she cant add more than two points because it would give that kid a number above 100%. Unless the teacher is willing to give extra credit for the test, then she cant adjust the scores enough to count very much.If the teacher wants to bump a grade to 100%, everyone will again only get two points added to their grade, which isnt a significant jump.If the teacher wants to use the square root, it isnt fair to that student with the 98% because the grade would only go up one point. Whats Wrong With Grading on the Curve? Grading on a curve has long been disputed in the academic world, just as weighting scores have. The main benefit to using the curve is that it fights grade inflation: if a teacher doesnt grade on a curve, 40% of her class could get an A, which means that the A doesnt mean very much. An A grade should mean excellent if it means anything, and theoretically, 40% of any given group of students are not excellent.   However, if a teacher strictly bases the grades on the curve, then it restricts the number of students who can excel. Thus, a forced grade is a disincentive to study: students will think no point in studying too hard, Susan and Ted will get the only As available on the curve. And they create an atmosphere thats toxic. Who wants a class full of finger-pointing students blaming the one or two stars? Teacher Adam Grant suggests using the curve only to increase scores and building a collaborative atmosphere, so students help each other to get better scores. The point of a test is not the score, he argues, but to teach your students how to learn new things.   Sources and Further Information Burke, Timothy. Grading on the Curve is Always a Bad Idea. Easily Distracted, Aug. 23, 2012.Grant, Adam. Why We Should Stop Grading Students on a Curve. The New York Times, Sept .10, 2016.  Richert, Kit. Why Grading on the Curve Hurts. Teaching Community, 2018.  Volokh, Eugene. In Praise of Grading on a Curve. Washington Post, Feb. 9, 2015.

Salazar Vs. Buono Court Case - 994 Words

Salazar Vs. Buono Court Case The First Amendment guarantees U.S citizen with basic freedoms such as religion, speech, press, assembly and petition. In the 2010 Case between Salazar and Buono, The First Amendment was put on trial in the Supreme Court Justice. The Supreme Court examined whether a religious cross, meant to honor World War I Veterans, violated the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment. Frank Buono, a former preserve employee, filed the lawsuit to get rid of the religious cross in the reserve permanently, stating that it was built on federal land thus creating a sense of favoritism of one religion over another in government. The favoritism exhibited in the Salazar and Buono Court Case was towards the religion of Christianity, therefore the U.S government did violate the Establishment Clause by promoting Christianity over all other religions. Rhetorical Situation Audience The individuals that felt strongest during this Court Case were War Veterans who felt that the cross was not symbolic towards their own religion. For example, there were Jewish and Muslim Veterans during this period who were especially against the symbolic cross as their remembrance, they associated the cross as Jesus Christ, a man who in their religion was not their savior. In addition, petitioners also felt as though the cross was not a fair representation for all the Veterans that had died holding onto beliefs that were not represented by cross. Other petitioners felt that theShow MoreRelatedThe Supreme Court Vs. Salazar V. Buono Case Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesThe Supreme Court was faced with a unique paradox during the case Salazar V. Buono; in which their ruling had to coincide with the establishment clause in the first amendment, while avoiding the dissenting opinions of thousands of veterans and their families they threatened to insult with their decision. In 1934, the V FW commissioned a white cross to be constructed on an outcropping known as Sunrise Rock in the Mojave National Preserve. In 1999, the plaintiff, Frank Buono, requested for the NPS toRead MoreThe Civil Rights Of The United States891 Words   |  4 PagesAmendment guarantees U.S citizen with basic freedoms such as religion, speech, press, assembly and petition. In the 2010 case between Salazar and Buono, the First Amendment was put on trial in the Supreme Court Justice. The Supreme Court examined whether a religious cross, meant to honor World War I Veterans, violated the Establishment Clause in the First Amendment. Frank Buono, a former preserve employee, filed the lawsuit to get rid of the religious cross in the reserve permanently, stating that

Identify Brad’s Major Customers Essay - 1259 Words

identify Brad’s major customers †¢ prepare a customer service policy for Brad’s business †¢ prepare a standard for handling complaints †¢ prepare a work instruction for handling a complaint †¢ give an example of how you would change an element of the customer service system in response to the complaint about the quality of the meals †¢ outline how you would change the work culture in the kitchen †¢ outline how you would evaluate the customer service Brad’s Holiday Retreat gives in the future BSB40207 Certificate IV in Business _____________________________________________________________________________________________ HCICSS Coordinate Implementation of Customer Service Strategies Student Guide v2.0 August 2010 Page 5 †¢ design a†¦show more content†¦Brad’s Holiday Retreat is a family business that is managed by Rosemary, a qualified accountant, and her partner Brad, who is a trained real estate investor. 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Awareness of Bradham’s new creation spread quickly, and in 1902 he decided to create the Pepsi-Cola Company so people everywhere could enjoy

The Effect Of Computers On Concentration On A Task

My group decided to investigate the influence of computers on concentration (on a task) of adolescent boys. I wanted to find out if computers actually inhibited the concentration of teenage boys, by comparing the results of tests done by a group using pen and paper, to another group’s test results, who had done the exact same test on computers. Before our group decided to use computers as the treatment, we spent several days speculating, brainstorming and researching. We eventually decided on our treatment, because of the increasing influence of technology on our lives, and its growing amalgamation with the schoolyard. When I searched the effects of computers on concentration, Google spewed out 43,600,000 results! Based off the search results, it became very clear to me that even though computers have many advantages; for example, personalised learning and the ability to improve writing skills, they also have one major flaw, they can be very distracting through games and socia l media. Based off that information I assumed that the test results from the students on the computers, would be worse than the results from the pen and paper tests. Next we started developing an experimental plan, we decided to use a Year 12 Maths class (26 pupils) on at the same time as our Statistics class, as the experimental unit. In order to randomly split the participants in half, we used counters. 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Divorce and American Culture Free Essays

Culture surrounds us everywhere we go. It reflects the people of the times and when it changes, so do the very people it reflects. A general definition would say that culture, related to society, is a set of norms that govern behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Divorce and American Culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Within this set of norms the people of a society do certain rituals and behaviors to fit in with the world around them. Different trends rule the times. Whether it be anti-war protests, to civil rights movements, to legalization of same sex civil unions and even divorce-the people of the times roll with many different ideas and tendencies. The idea of marriage is an old and sacred one. In the Bible, a marriage is seen a holy sacrament between a man and woman that leads to the raising of a family. There is one man and one-woman involved- then with the addition of the holy spirit, the union is supposed to be ever lasting. â€Å"Christian marriage is a sacrament (sacred act approved by God). As a result marriage was very difficult to end, and before the nineteenth century usually ended with death,† (Chan and Haplin, 2001). In the world today, marriage is interpreted in many different ways. Very rarely is it seen as an everlasting contract that can withstand all tests. The revolutions of the 60s, 70s, up through today have severely changed the way people think of marriage. The drug culture has helped redefine the meaning of peace and love and of course, holy unions. People today do not get married out of the idea of love. If they do, it is most often between two young and naive children or young adults that believe that love can conquer all. â€Å"People expect too much from specialized love marriages, and when the love goes so might the marriage. Other cultures unite families through arranged marriages, and these social functions may make them more stable,† (Chan and Haplin, 2001). People have begun to take advantage of the system and get married because of benefits they can receive. For the military couple, extra cash is a big incentive as well as extra leave time. A lot of times the benefits outweigh the costs and people today go into marriages knowing that it will be just as easy to exit the marriage. For a marriage to end, there needs to be either a death or a cause for divorce. Grounds for divorce include; a cheating spouse, an abusive partner, and mishandling of funds. Every so often though, there is no direct cause, but instead the couples just are not compatible. The constant fighting and disagreements make it difficult to raise a family and have a stable home. As society grows and culture changes, divorce still remains. In the early parts of the 20th century, divorce was a taboo idea that meant that you ultimately failed as a wife or husband. People viewed it as the easy way out and very rarely did they agree with it. In the 1950s, divorce was only 5 per 1000 women, as opposed to the rate of 20 per every 1000 women in the early 21st century (Relationships, 2008). The times influenced peoples decisions and instead of doing what might have been best for all the parties involved, couples stayed together so that they would not be viewed as such a failure to their friends, family and children. Culture put the message out to society that a divorce is an end all be all decision that means that you have failed. Of course, logically that is not true. Occasionally things do not go according to plan and you have to change your idea of the future accordingly. The idea of being a failure comes from the society that surrounds the couple. As the times began to change, so did the overall idea of separation and divorce. The more married couples got divorced, the more casual the idea has become. When a couple divorces and they have children, the children see the process and although it might hurt them tremendously, it also makes them learn and see things. As they see the process, the idea becomes to seem â€Å"normal† to them. According to a recent journal article, â€Å"growing-up in a divorced family can instill offspring with less unfavorable attitudes towards divorce (Greenberg and Nay 1982, Amato 1988, Trent and South 1989, Axinn and Thornton 1996, Kapinus 2004 as cited by Hiller and Recoules 2011). Sometimes the children involved begin to think that this is a normal thing that happens and makes it easier to do themselves. This could explain the rising divorce rates today. On the other hand, often times when a child witnesses the struggles of divorce, they are sometimes more reluctant to get a divorce themselves (Hiller and Recoules, 2011). The inevitable hurt and suffering from witnessing countless hours of parental figures fighting, getting sometimes physical, and the mental and emotional strains that the fighting causes sends some children into a downwards spiral. Their whole attitude on love in general is questioned. And from first hand experience, the sanctity of marriage itself is questioned. An idea that some children used to find so uplifting and amazing, now seems bleak and not worth it. If the two people I love the most in the whole world cannot seem to get along, and cannot make it work, then what are the chances that my marriage will fail? What is the point in even trying? Is love just another silly Disney ideation that really cannot exist in our world today? â€Å"American society may have erased the stigma that once accompanied divorce, but it can no longer ignore divorce’s massive effects† (Fagan and Rector, 2000). Married couples do not always understand that their fighting and arguments are a lot bigger than just the two of them. It reaches out and branches down to all the people they know. Subsequent relationships between children and their partners become affected. Sometimes girls go crazy and give up on the concept of love and become promiscuous at a young age. They eventually fall into a routine and thanks to the invention of birth control, have no qualms and avoid the pregnancy scare that might have once deterred them otherwise. Boys may become rude and hostile towards their partners and begin to treat their ladies badly in response to how they see their fathers treat their mothers. Coworkers, neighbors, children, friends, everyone is affected. Some articles claim that the divorce rates among young adults today are lower than that of the past. This might be true, but this does not take into account the idea of young relationships failing. Couples that never got married, but might have had children at a young age with no intention of getting married and consequently leading to a single parent and broken home anyways. There was no sacrament done, but the damage still is the same. Repeatedly it is seen that parents will reluctantly â€Å"stay together† for the kids. This is a great idea on paper. It would seem that if the parents were to stay together, that the children would not suffer from the emotional and psychological damage done to a child because of a divorce. What is often overlooked is the fact that if parents stay together, and clearly are not compatible and cannot communicate like adults and actually raise the children, then the child will most likely suffer just as much or even more so than the child with divorced parents. Often times negative traits are learned from the parents during times of arguments that will debilitate the growth of the child. Negative traits would include, harsh tempers, awful communication skill development, and negative views of either parent based on the idea that parents will most likely isolate the children and try to get each on â€Å"their side. The strain of choosing between the two parents puts many over the edge. Children will sometimes develop different drinking or substance abuse problems in order to deal with the problems that they are facing at home leading to failing or dropping out of school, unwanted pregnancies, and even dangerous automobile accidents. â€Å"†Don’t stay together just for the sake of the children. † â€Å"If divorce is better for you, it will be better for your kids. † (Spohn, n. d. ) As the times are continually changing, so do the basic ideas that fuel society as a whole. Divorce rates will rise and fall with the times depending on society and culture. It is a trend that cannot be predicted and cannot be ignored. The overall effect of divorce is an everlasting one and before any decision is made about either marriage or divorce, all the options and pros and cons should always be weighed. Reference: Hughes, R. (2008, August 20). What is the current divorce rate in the United States? Has the divorce rate changed much over the past 5 to 10 years?. MissouriFamilies. org Home. Retrieved July 20, 2011, from http://missourifamilies. org/quick/divorceqa/divorceqa3. tm Fagan, P. , ; Rector, R. (n. d. ). World and I Magazine – The Effects of Divorce in America. Online Magazine: The World ; I Online Magazine. Retrieved July 20, 2011, from http://www. worldandi. com/specialreport/divorce/divorce. html Sociology of Divorce (GCSE). (n. d. ). The Adrian Worsfold Website. Retrieved July 20, 2011, from http://www. change. freeuk. com/learning/socthink/divorcesi mpler. html Spohn, W. C. (n. d. ). The American Myth of Divorce. Santa Clara University – Welcome. Retrieved July 16, 2011, from http://www. scu. edu/ethics/publications/iie/v9n2/divorce. html How to cite Divorce and American Culture, Papers

The Woman Speaks to the Man Who Has Employed Her Son. free essay sample

The Woman Speaks to the Man who has employed Her Son This poem Is relatively easy to understand. Here Is a synopsis of the poem The Woman Speaks to the Man who has employed Her Son by Loran Godson In this poem, a mother expresses her deep affection for her son. She reflects on the unfortunate circumstances of her life as a single parent. She is now concerned about the welfare of her son. This woman is seen as one, whose deep devotion and dedication to her son make her transcend her difficulties.Her responsibility to her son takes priority. But what shatters her now, is the fact that her son is employed by someone who appears to be engaged in shady activities. To her, the gun he carries Is a symbol of destructiveness and criminal activities. The conversational style of the poem makes the reader empathic with the thoughts and feelings of the mother. We will write a custom essay sample on The Woman Speaks to the Man Who Has Employed Her Son. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reader discerns In the mother, fortitude, resilience and spiritual strength which Inform her actions. Did you identify the themes and literary devices in this poem? What are they?Answer these Questions 1. What is the theme of the poem? 2. The mood of the poem is one of (a) disgust and anger (b) optimism and hope (c) sadness and despair 3. Which of these words describe the tone of the poem? Formal, conversational, angry, serious? 4. What do the lines a metallic tide, rising in her mouth each morning suggest about the mother? 5. He treated all his children With equal and unbiased indifference. What do the above lines suggest about the father? 6. Why do you think that the mother is upset about the job her son has taken? 7.What do the black cloth and veiled hat symbolize? . Select the line which expresses the mothers helplessness. 9. Why does she allude to the thief on the left side of the cross? 10. How do you feel as you read the poem? Ay Illimitableness ere Woman Speaks to the Man who has employed Her Son This poem is relatively easy to understand. Here is a synopsis of the poem ere Woman Speaks to the Man who has employed Her Son by Loran Goodish Irish woman is seen as one, whose deep devotion and dedication to her son make her engaged in shady activities.To her, the gun he carries is a symbol of destructiveness he conversational style of the poem makes the reader empathic with the thoughts and feelings of the mother. The reader discerns in the mother, fortitude, resilience and spiritual strength which inform her actions. 1 . What is the theme of the poem? Disgust and anger lb) optimism and hope sadness and despair 4. What do the lines a metallic tide, Ninth equal and unbiased indifference. hat do the above lines suggest about the father? 5. Why do you think that the mother is upset about the Job her son has taken? 7. Nat do the black cloth and hat symbolize?